湿地基质有效高度对农村生活污水净化影响的试验研究

研究从生态学理论出发．以控制湿地基质有效高度,促进植物根系发达为突破点,以增进生物协同净化效应为核心,得出当试验装置的煤渣基质深度不同时,深度为30cm和40cm的装置对污水的净化能力较优,同时侧须根也较为发达．其总根系生物量和根系比表面积分别达101．7g和612．6m^2/m^3。     

生态组合系统处理农村生活污水的研究

采用由生物浮床、生物接触氧化以及河道生态系统构成的生态组合系统处理农村生活污水,考察了其对农村生活污水的净化效果以及季节和污水停留时间(HRT)对污染物的去除效果的影响。结果表明,该组合系统对污染物具有良好的去除效果,COD,NH4+-N,TN,TP的平均去除率分别为57.68%,51.13%,52.38%和49.02%。污染物的去除率随HRT的增加而提高,4 d后变化趋于平缓,在HRT为6 d时,NH4+-N,TN,TP和COD的去除率分别达到80.36%,72.85%,60.74%和71.97%。与秋季相比,夏季时该组合系统对NH4+-N,TN,TP的去除率相对较高,但季节变化对COD去除效果的影响不大。     

兼氧接触氧化与土地渗滤联合处理农村污水的研究

采用兼氧接触氧化与土地渗滤联合处理工艺对农村混合污水进行了试验.结果表明,系统对污染物有良好的去除效果.在进水COD 397～564 mg/L条件下,兼氧接触氧化水力停留时间为24 h时COD去除率大于75%;经过土地渗滤系统处理,在0.02 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷下,COD去除率大于60%,氨氮、总磷的去除率大于99%.     

石化化工建设项目环境影响评价技术要点

石化化工行业是国民经济的重要组成部分,同时具有工艺复杂,涉及大量危险化学品,环境风险高、危害大等特征,其环境影响评价技术难度较大。产业政策、规划符合性和总图布置、选址合理性;工程分析;环境风险评价;污染防治措施等内容是石化化工项目环境影响评价的核心。本文对这几个方面环境影响评价技术要点进行了系统总结,为今后相关项目环评工作提供借鉴和参考。     

农村乡镇垃圾管理的可持续发展探讨——四川孝儿镇垃圾管理分类成本研究

四川省珙县孝儿镇是国内在农村乡镇率先开展垃圾分类尝试的地区之一。论文采用成本分析法分析2011年四川孝儿镇垃圾管理年度成本的结构和特点,并根据成本分析结果计算垃圾管理的吨成本。分析显示在农村地区开展垃圾管理分类涉及到显性成本和隐性成本,在孝儿镇垃圾分类管理572058元的年度总开支中,显性成本占79％,隐性成本为21％。显性成本包括清运成本、终端处置和管理成本。隐性成本对长期开展垃圾分类有着重要的支持作用,包括监督和支持人力成本、社区能力建设和宣传教育成本。提高分类回收率和就近利用率以及吸引私人资本参与垃圾管理可优化成本,增强垃圾管理的经济可持续性。     

The financial and economic feasibility of rural household biodigesters for poor communities in South Africa

Given the persistence of systemic poverty in, most notably, the rural parts of South Africa, the question is whether the use of biodigesters as a source of energy offers potential solutions to some of the difficulties and development needs faced by people in these areas. At the core, this translates into whether this technology would be financially and economically feasible for installation and use by rural households. Here we conduct both a financial and an economic cost-benefit analysis in one such community based on survey data from 120 households. Analysis of these data and supporting literature reveals that a biodigester is not a financially feasible investment for a rural household. Substantial economic benefits are, however, found to make a biodigester a worthwhile investment from a broader societal perspective. This is a compelling argument for further study and the consideration of government support in the light of broader economy-wide benefits.     

宁波市农村生活污水处理模式研究

对现有农村污水治理方式进行了总结和效果评价。提出了适合宁波地区农村污水治理的4类模式。分别是污废合流的集中模式、分散模式,污废分流的分散模式、过渡模式。分析了模式选择的影响因素,分别是人口规模、集聚模式、地形、地质条件、功能区域,并对目标村庄进行亍相应分类,建立数学模型探讨了集中与分散模式的经济距离以及集中模式下户均投资的控制距离,最后根据研究成果对首批实施的14个行政村25个自然村的生活污水治理模式进行了选择。     

How to “walk the talk”: The perspectives of sector staff on implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda

Many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa have adopted similar approaches to tackle the challenges of rural water supply, including community‐based management, community participation and the demand‐responsive approach. These are often combined with nationwide programmes of capacity‐building and decentralization. This paper first shows how Uganda has adopted these approaches in its rural water supply programme. Based on Government documents, we construct an organizational framework that illustrates the overall programme and outlines the roles and responsibilities which actors are expected to fulfil. Second, based on interviews with sector staff and a review of Government documents, the paper examines challenges to successfully “walk the talk”; that is, it provides insight into challenges affecting programme implementation. Among numerous difficulties, two key issues are highlighted: local political interference and the weak capacity of local governments. Concerning local political interference, local planning processes need to be reformed so that local politicians commit more strongly to improving water supply. Regarding local government capacity, the Government department responsible for the programme has established eight regional units that provide support to local governments. This promising strategy, combined with more appropriate engagement and the commitment of local politicians, should help to improve the implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda.     

生态文明视域下的乡镇基层环保机制构建一基于成都的实践

伴随着工业化和城市化的推进,农村环境污染形势日趋严峻,但当前农村乡镇基层环境保护机构缺位,管理薄弱,亟待加强。为落实农村环境质量属地监管责任,有效控制和及时处理环境问题,提高基层环境管理的针对性和有效性,促进农村公众环境监督网络体系建设,应强化乡镇一级政府的环境保护责任、设立乡镇基层环境保护机构,配备专职人员,建立健全区（市）县环保部门、乡镇政府及乡镇环保机构、村组环保员三级环保联动机制。切实加强基层环境保护管理,有效改善农村环境．保障农民的环境权益．实现城乡环境协调保护。     

农村养殖业污染的危害及其防治对策

本文通过简单介绍农村养殖业污染的危害,分析阿拉善盟农村养殖业污染现状,提出农村养殖业污染防治对策。