The distance between state and rural society in the PRC. Reading document no 1 (February 2004)

While the People's Republic of China appears on a daily basis in all of the important newspapers around the world with its enormous successes in modernizing its economy, life in the Chinese countryside usually does not attract international attention. However, we know from a wide range of reports that the situation in the Chinese countryside is getting more and more complicated with local corruption, pollution and poverty growing in most parts of the country. The Chinese language press reports on a growing number of local uprisings in remote areas. While some analysts regard the situation in the countryside as a potential threat to the ongoing peaceful process of economic reform in China, China seems to be well prepared to cope with this change and the state is comparatively flexible in dealing with unrest among the rural population. So far the system itself has not been challenged by peasant discontent. This article introduces the idea that the distance between state and rural society is the basis of this flexibility. It will analyze a major policy document issued by the state and party leadership in order to show how state and rural society interact on the basis of a still insurmountable distance between state and rural society.     

Agricultural productivity and environmental insecurity in the Usangu plain, Tanzania: policy implications for sustainability of agriculture

Sustainable agricultural development is a necessity for sustainable economic growth and social development in Africa. Sustainable agriculture largely depends on how effective natural and environmental resources are managed and utilized; it also depends on the security of continuous access to such resources. This research was aimed to look into trends in agricultural productivity, examine the persistence of the environmental insecurity, analyze the relationship between the two, and explore their links to the national development policies. The results are discussed in the context of relevance to national development policies and their implications on the sustainability of agriculture and rural livelihoods security. Literature survey, records collection from the stakeholders, village level participatory assessments (PAs), observations and questionnaire survey were tools used for data collection. The study shows significant (P < 0.01) declines in cereal crop yields, cattle milk yield and cattle calving rate, and increasing cattle mortality rate. Elements of environmental insecurity were found to account for decline in agricultural productivity; significant (P < 0.01) proportion (68%), of 266 households interviewed, reported land resources deterioration, declining soil fertility, and increasing drought frequencies as the causes of their low productivity. Declined fertilizer consumption and increasing variability in rainfall amount significantly (P < 0.01) accounted for 59% and 39%, respectively, of the variations observed in total annual production of rice and maize, which are major cereals in the study area. This study recommends measures to improve soil productivity such as improved fertilizer application and use of organic manures along with mineral fertilizers for maintaining soil productivity; education of farmers on sustainable use and management of land resources; and pro-poor rural policies in agricultural development and environmental governance. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

新发展阶段成品油销售企业生态环境保护工作的探讨

从法律法规升级、执法标准严格、企业“降碳”转型等方面出发,分析了成品油销售企业在新发展阶段面临的形势与机遇。以“碳达峰、碳中和”为目标,在污染治理、环境风险与应急管理、生态保护与修复、低碳企业转型等方面提出了具体的生态环境保护建议和措施,为成品油销售企业“降碳”转型发展提供了思路。最后结合目前地方与国家生态环保法规衔接配套差异和环境保护技术基础弱等问题,对成品油销售企业未来的环境保护发展方向进行了探讨。     

Rural industries and water pollution in China

Water pollution from small rural industries is a serious problem throughout China. Over half of all river sections monitored for water quality are rated as being unsafe for human contact, and this pollution is estimated to cost several per cent of GDP. While China has some of the toughest environmental protection laws in the world, the implementation of these laws in rural areas is not effective. This paper explains the reasons for this implementation gap. It argues that the factors that have underpinned the economic success of rural industry are precisely the same factors that cause water pollution from rural industry to remain such a serious problem in China. This means that the control of rural water pollution is not simply a technical problem of designing a more appropriate governance system, or finding better policy instruments or more funding. Instead, solutions lie in changes in the model that underpins rural development in China.     

资源型地区工矿企业空间集聚与区域转型——以山西省为例

工矿企业是资源型地区实现区域转型的关键要素,研究工矿企业空间集聚的格局特征及驱动机理对于揭示资源型地区转型的空间过程及空间效应具有重要意义。以山西省为例,基于煤矿企业点数据,综合采用多种GIS空间分析方法,分析1990—2017年经济转型阶段,山西省煤矿企业空间集聚的格局演变及区位指向变化。进一步构建负二项回归模型分析山西省煤矿企业空间集聚演变的影响因素,解释资源型地区转型发展的驱动机理。结果表明：（1）煤矿企业整体集聚变化相对稳定,但发展内涵发生显著变化,企业趋向大型化、现代化、可持续化发展。（2）煤矿企业空间集聚逐步与煤层埋深线的岩层走向相吻合,并且表现出低坡度指向性、临交通线指向性特征。（3）宏观尺度上,煤矿企业空间集聚呈现以点状集聚为主到点状集聚与沿煤层线带状扩散并存的演变趋势;微观尺度上,煤矿企业核密度降低区域与核密度增加区域具有地理邻近性特征,空间上表现为煤矿企业的远郊区化过程。（4）资源禀赋对煤矿企业区位选择的影响最显著,地形坡度、路径依赖、省道、企业所有制性质、固定资产投资、区域面积等对煤矿企业的区位选择也具有显著影响,但是作用方向和强度存在差异;城镇化水平、铁路、高速公路等对煤矿企业区位选择的影响不显著。回归结果表明资源型地区的转型发展受自然基底条件、产业发展基础、区域发展阶段等多重因素的影响。     

长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

Unpacking pathways to diversified livelihoods from projects in Pacific Island coastal fisheries

Livelihood diversification has become an integral focus of policies and investments aiming to reduce poverty, vulnerability, and pressure on fishery resources in coastal communities around the globe. In this regard, coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands have long been a sector where livelihood diversification has featured prominently. Yet, despite the widespread promotion and international investment in this strategy, the ability of externally funded livelihood diversification projects to facilitate improved resource management and rural development outcomes often remains inconsistent. We argue these inconsistencies can be attributed to a conceptual ambiguity stemming from a lack of attention and awareness to the complexity of livelihood diversification. There is still much to learn about the process of livelihood diversification, both in its theoretical conceptualizations and its practical applications. Herein, we utilize a common diversity framework to clarify some of this ambiguity by distinguishing three diversification pathways. These pathways are illustrated using an ideal–typical Pacific Island coastal household and supported by examples provided in the literature that detail livelihood diversification projects in the Pacific. Through this perspective, we seek a more nuanced understanding of what is meant within the policy and practice goal of livelihood diversification. Thereby enabling more targeted and deliberate planning for development investments that facilitates outcomes in support of sustainable livelihoods.     

农村环境污染问题的分析及防治措施

本文主要阐述了目前农村环境存在的污染问题及其所带来的后果,分析了环境污染问题存在的原因,针对存在的问题,提出了农村环境防治的措施,指在为农村环境保护工作提供参考,为社会主义新农村建设提供一定的理论论据。     

上海市规模以上工业企业CO2排放量测算与分析研究

2012年上海市成为首批开展碳排放权交易试点城市,各企业可根据年CO2排放量决定其所获得的碳排放交易权。参考政府间气候变化专门委员会（2006）提出的碳排放计算方法建立数学模型,通过对上海市14家规模以上工业企业2001年-2010年C02排放量的测算和分析,显示有5家企业排放量超过100027t,4家企业排放量在10万t～120万t,5家企业位于0～25万t。测算结果为企业获得碳排放权提供一定的参考依据。     

中小型企业员工不安全行为管理模式构建研究

为解决我国中小企业员工不安全行为管控难题,基于不安全行为管理的重要性,采用文献分析法、现场调研法,调查了绵阳市130余家中小型企业不安全行为管理现状,分析得出中小型企业不安全行为管理存在的问题。基于协同理论,研究了安全文化、BBS行为观察流程和杜邦安全训练观察计划3种不安全行为管理模式并对其要素进行组合优化,提出了适合我国中小型企业的不安全行为管理模式。结果表明:不安全行为协和管理模式有利于解决纠正员工不安全行为,提升员工安全作业水平。