电力企业现场指挥官应急指挥能力构成要素分析

为全面提升电力企业现场指挥官应急指挥能力,加强电力企业应急能力建设,本文基于应急指挥理论,采用岗位能力素质模型,探讨现场指挥官应急指挥能力的构成要素。结果表明:电力突发事件现场指挥官应急指挥能力包括自身防护能力、专业基础能力、现场处置能力、交流沟通能力及身心调试能力,且各项能力构成要素之间相互关联,相互促进,共同形成应急指挥能力要素的统一有机体。     

Action-Oriented Support for Occupational Safety and Health Programs in Some Developing Countries in Asia

Action-oriented support programs have been increasingly playing vital roles in promoting safety and health in developing countries in Asia. This paper studied achievements of 3 action-oriented support programs: the WISE program for small enterprises, the WIND program for farmers, and the POSITIVE program for workers and trade unions. Special attention was paid to how the programs have strengthened local efforts for sustainable actions in safety and health improvements. The results showed that there were significant achievements in action-oriented support programs in the region, including a large number of improvement examples, integration into government policies, and network support through employers’ and workers’ organizations. Participatory, action-oriented training tools such as action-checklists, local good example photos, and group work methods played key roles in the effective implementation of the programs. It was of note that there were a number of local efforts to extend the coverage of action-oriented support even to hard-to-reach workers such as home-based workers, rural workers, and ethnic minorities. The efforts included the equal participation in the training by female and male farmers, shortened and weekend training programs, photo sheets showing local good examples, and reasonable fee collection for better sustainability. In conclusion, action-oriented support programs provided local people with concrete means to promote safety and health improvements. The successful programs commonly focused on local initiatives and were built on local wisdom and resources.     

民爆企业废气排放现状及治理措施研究

通过对某民爆企业废气排放现状进行分析发现,该厂废气主要来源于稀硝酸配制产生的硝烟和粉尘、硫化氢、爆炸烟气、硝烟、一甲胺的无组织排放。针对该企业废气排放现状,提出了采用新建硝烟吸收罐对稀硝酸配制过程中产生的硝烟进行吸收处理和拟采用碱液吸收系统对产生的硫化氢气体进行处理等治理措施。     

加强农村环境保护构建城乡一体化环保模式

随着农村城市化进程不断加快,人口不断增加,农业生产、生活方式的随经济社会发展而变更,经济快速发展,资源的利用强度的日益扩大,农村环境污染负荷也在不断加大,环境问题突出,与当前强化县域发展,构建和谐社会,实现科学发展不相适应。在对徐州市农村环保情况调查分析的基础上,结合实际,提出了解决问题的对策和建议。     

清洁生产审核在淀粉企业的应用

清洁生产是企业可持续发展的必由之路,清洁生产审核是企业实现清洁生产最成熟最有效的手段。在对某淀粉企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,提出并实施无／低费方案20项,中／高费方案5项。取得了良好的效益,在改善厂区环境的同时,每年可节水64500吨,节电约31万度,减少废水排放48000吨。该企业初步实现了在提高企业自身资源回收利用能力的同时,达到经济、环境和社会效益的统一,为淀粉企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

某钢铁企业厂区与附近城区空气质量现状对比与防治对策

对2020年10月份某钢铁企业厂区和附近城区环境空气质量自动监测站的数据进行了收集整理,对比分析正常时段厂区和附近城区的空气质量指数(AQI)与SO₂、PM₁₀等6个空气质量分指数(IAQI)的差异性和相关性。结果表明:在分析收集数据范围内,附近城区环境空气质量优良率高于某钢铁公司厂区7.1%,附近城区的首要主要污染物为NO₂和PM_2.5,而某钢铁公司厂区的主要污染物为PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃,说明某钢铁公司污染物排放对附近城区的空气质量不存在高度的线性关系。根据研究结果,提出源头调整产业结构、强化过程控制和实施末端全面超低排放对策建议。     

企业环境行为管理研究——以H省为例

有效防治工业污染、改善环境是工业企业的基本责任。以能够反映企业环境行为的信息为基础,通过建立科学的百分制量化评价体系,对H省具有代表性和典型性的重点排污工业企业的环境守法行为、企业污染控制行为、环境信息公开行为等环境行为进行评价。分析结果表明,该省企业环境行为有较大提升空间,重污染行业形势令人担忧,由此明确企业改善环境行为的关键因素和影响机制,并从企业、政府、社会三个角度提出措施改善企业环境行为的建议。     

Regional economic impacts of Grand Canyon river runners

Economic impact analysis (EIA) of outdoor recreation can provide critical social information concerning the utilization of natural resources. Outdoor recreation and other non-consumptive uses of resources are viewed as environmentally friendly alternatives to extractive-type industries. While outdoor recreation can be an appropriate use of resources, it generates both beneficial and adverse socioeconomic impacts on rural communities. The authors used EIA to assess the regional economic impacts of rafting in Grand Canyon National Park. The Grand Canyon region of northern Arizona represents a rural US economy that is highly dependent upon tourism and recreational expenditures. The purpose of this research is twofold. The first is to ascertain the previously unknown regional economic impacts of Grand Canyon river runners. The second purpose is to examine attributes of these economic impacts in terms of regional multipliers, leakage, and types of employment created. Most of the literature on economic impacts of outdoor recreation has focused strictly on the positive economic impacts, failing to illuminate the coinciding adverse and constraining economic impacts. Examining the attributes of economic impacts can highlight deficiencies and constraints that limit the economic benefits of recreation and tourism. Regional expenditure information was obtained by surveying non-commercial boaters and commercial outfitters. The authors used IMPLAN input-output modeling to assess direct, indirect, and induced effects of Grand Canyon river runners. Multipliers were calculated for output, employment, and income. Over 22,000 people rafted on the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park in 2001, resulting in an estimated $21,100,000 of regional expenditures to the greater Grand Canyon economy. However, over 50% of all rafting-related expenditures were not captured by the regional economy and many of the jobs created by the rafting industry are lower-wage and seasonal. Policy recommendations are given for increasing the regional retention of rafting expenditures and for understanding both the beneficial and adverse impacts that accompany outdoor recreation in rural areas.     

Changes in fuelwood use and selection following electrification in the Bushbuckridge lowveld, South Africa

Fuelwood is the primary energy source for domestic purposes throughout the developing world, in both urban and rural environments. Due to the detrimental impacts of biomass use on human and environmental health, many governments have sought to reduce its use through provision of potentially cleaner energies, of which electricity is the dominant form. Yet there are surprisingly few studies of changes in fuelwood use following the introduction of electricity, especially in rural areas of Africa. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of fuelwood use, using identical approaches, in five rural villages in the Bushbuckridge region of South Africa, spanning the period over which electricity became widely available. Almost a decade after the introduction of electricity, over 90% of households still used fuelwood for thermal purposes, especially cooking, and the mean household consumption rates over the 11-year period had not changed, even with a policy of 6 kWh per month of free electricity. The proportion of households purchasing fuelwood had increased, probably in response to a number of factors, including (i) increased fuelwood scarcity in the local environment as reflected by increased fuelwood collection times, changes in fuelwood species preferences, and ranking of scarcity by local collectors, and (ii) increases in the price of fuelwood well below that of other fuels and the prevailing inflation rate. Overall, there was an increase in the number of species harvested over the 11-year period. The implications of these findings for rural energy provision are discussed.     

Summer time haze characteristics of the urban atmosphere of Gwangju and the rural atmosphere of Anmyon, Korea

An extensive visibility monitoring was carried out simultaneously in the urban area of Gwangju and the rural area of Anmyon, Korea. This study examines patterns of visibility impairment and haze-forming pollutant concentrations on both sites resulting from natural and anthropogenic sources of gases and particles. Optical visibility measurements by a transmissometer, a nephelometer and an aethalometer provide aerosol light extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients for both sites. In order to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol samples were collected by various aerosol samplers at GJVMS (Gwangju Visibility Monitoring Station) and at KGAWO (Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory), respectively. In addition, haze characteristics causing visibility impairment at those two sites were analyzed to obtain source contributions by regionally transported aerosols using grid analysis and display system (GrADS) from NECP reanalysis data. During the intensive monitoring period, ammonium sulfate was dominantly responsible for the fine particle mass loading at GJVMS, whereas organic carbon was the largest contributor at KGAWO. Light scattering by particles accounted for 52.8 to 81.3% of the range at the urban site, GJVMS and for 72.1 to 94.2% of the range at the rural site, KGAWO. Light absorption by the EC and NO₂ was between 14.5 and 34.8% at GJVMS, which was higher than the observed 1.1 ∼ 6.8% at KGAWO, respectively. Light scattering by aerosol was higher in the rural area than in the urban area. And organic carbon concentration was observed to be significantly higher than the concentration of elemental carbon at KGAWO. These haze-forming carbonaceous particles originate from anthropogenic pollutants at the urban atmosphere but they can be produced by natural environments such as marine and forest at the rural atmosphere.