城市轨道交通运行评价指标体系

随着我国城市轨道交通的大规模建设,迫切需要开展基础理论及关键技术的研究并制定相应的建设、设计标准。必然要从运行评价指标体系入手,在保证车辆的运行安全性、平稳性和旅客的舒适性前提下,制定合理的线路设计参数,选择合理的车辆类型和轨道结构类型,从而降低工程造价,加快建设速度。笔者综述了城市轨道交通的运行评价体系,并给出了其参考取值,为城市轨道交通的建设提供了技术支持。     

城市消防站布局评估指标量化分析

从城市消防站覆盖分析和辖区范围分析两方面提出了有关消防站布局评估的4个指标。对这4个评估指标进行了详细地讨论，并给出了相关的数学模型。实例应用说明，这些指标具有较强的科学性和实用性。     

The evolution of community water governance in Uchira, Tanzania: The implications for equality of access, sustainability and effectiveness

Community participation, ownership and cost sharing are key components of Tanzania's water policy, in common with the broad international consensus on water governance. However these policy goals are difficult to achieve, beset with paradoxes and their benefits may be overstated, both in terms of efficiency of resource management and equality of outcomes. This article draws on longitudinal ethnographic research of a village water supply in Tanzania to explore two issues: the contested nature of community ownership and the complex evolution of a ‘community‐owned’ institution. The evidence from the Uchira Water Users Association leads us to question some of the simplistic assumptions made concerning the capacity of local communities to manage service delivery and to balance equity and sustainability principles. The limitations of ‘bottom‐up’ and demand led approaches need to be recognised without discrediting their potential for challenging inequalities. The article concludes with a consideration of some of the tensions in community‐driven development, which raises some important questions about the role of the State and external agencies in setting and enforcing equity criteria in community‐managed initiatives.     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

城市“屋顶花园”对城市气候影响方法研究

:随着社会经济的迅猛发展 ,我国城市数量不断增多 ,城市规模不断扩大 ,随之带来的是城市环境不断恶化。如何改变这种状况 ,使城市规模和环境协调发展 ,是摆在科技工作者面前的紧迫任务。理论分析和实际观测资料表明 ,城市平顶屋面绿化是改善城市气候的最有效的途径之一 ,它对由于城市而产生的“五岛”效应均有不同程度的消弱或改善作用。通过关于城市屋面绿化对城市气候影响过程的分析 ,阐明了城市屋面绿化对城市气候影响的特征 ,并从理论上着重提出用移植法和数值模拟法来研究其影响的程度 ,最后提出了理想城市环境应具有的特征 ,并呼吁城市建设部门成立专门的机构以全面负责平顶屋面的绿化     

Environmental Policy Implementation in Rural China: A Case Study of Yuhang, Zhejiang

The rapid growth of rural enterprises has transformed the Chinese countryside. Although rural industrialisation has resulted in increased financial well-being, it has also contributed to decreased environmental quality. While China has strong environmental protection laws, this paper will demonstrate that they are not being effectively implemented in a rural region in Zhejiang Province. This is due to a number of social, political, and economic barriers that prevent agencies from effectively enforcing environmental policies and regulatory mechanisms. This paper investigates the implementation of China's environmental policies through a case study in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province. It demonstrates that the implementation of environmental impact assessment, discharge fees, and limited time treatment is limited by inadequate technology, low finances, limited human resources, poor public environmental awareness, faulty data, inferior agency reports, organizational conflict, relations based on guanxi, and low discharge fee prices.     

城市群(圈)生态环境保护战略规划框架研究--以珠江三角洲大城市群为例

21世纪城市群将成为新的竞争单位，在此背景下中国提出了城市群发展战略，并开始了城市群规划的编制工作。从战略环境影响高度，文章提出了在编制城市群规划同时应编制城市群环境规划，并就城市群环境问题辨析、城市群环境规划目的任务、规划理论依据、方法论作了阐述，同时，还以珠江三角洲城市群环境规划为例，对编制程序、主要研究内容等作了概述。     

南京城市火险的综合性气象预警模式

本文分析了南京１９９１－１９９６火源特征的变化,提出将火源特征与火灾次数呈倍比的关系引入城市火险气象预警模式,从而使建立的综合性气象预警模式可以综合体现城市变化和气象因素两方面对城市火灾发生率的影响,大大提高度量城市火灾发生率的准确性。     

建设环保型城市道路

指出了传统城市道路建设存在的环境问题 ,论述了开发环保型城市道路的必要性 ,综述了修建环保型道路的新技术 ,提出了环保型城市道路的新概念和利用工业固体废物作筑路材料的观点。 2 1世纪 ,政府和公众都应充分重视和支持环保型道路的建设。     

生态城市的内涵与理论基础

当前我国的城市发展建设中,有相当多的城市制定环境保护规划、建设生态城市。本文对生态城市的内涵和理论基础进行论述,以期对生态城市建设有所助益。