Estimation of Southeast Asian rice paddy areas with different ecosystems from moderate-resolution satellite imagery

Multi-temporal satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) was used to map the different ecosystems of Southeast Asian (SEA) rice paddies. The algorithm was based on temporal profiles of vegetation strength and/or water content, using MODIS surface reflectance in visible to near-IR range. The results obtained from the analysis were compared to national statistics. Estimated SEA regional rice area was 42 × 10⁶ ha, which agrees with published values. The model performance was dependent on rice ecosystems. Good linear relationships between the model results and the national statistics were observed for rainfed rice. High linear coefficients of determination, R², were also found for irrigated rice and upland rice, but the model tended to underestimate irrigated rice and overestimate upland rice. However, these high R² values indicated that the model effectively simulated spatial distribution of these rice areas. These R² values were either of similar magnitude or larger than those reported in literature, regardless of the rice ecosystem. Poor correlation was observed for deepwater rice.     

基于星载SAR影像的海面溢油业务化监测系统

为提高溢油业务化监测精度和效率,基于海面油膜成像机理和检测难点,设计了海洋溢油业务化监测流程。研发了溢油SAR卫星遥感业务化监测系统,系统集成了SAR图像处理算法和暗区特征打分法,实现了SAR影像处理、溢油信息提取和溢油监测报告制作等功能。系统已应用到业务化监测中,可为溢油应急处置提供决策支持。     

中国省域尺度下产业结构多维度特征及演化对碳排放的影响

在中国转向高质量发展及2030年前达到碳排放峰值的背景下,寻找保证经济增长的低碳减排途径是学界研究的热点。利用中国2005—2017年省域面板数据,建立SAR模型,并按八大经济区分别构建PECM模型,研究中国省域尺度下产业结构多维度特征及演化对碳排放的影响,主要结论如下：（1）中国省域碳排放具有显著的时滞性和空间溢出效应。（2）全国视角下,产业结构合理化水平提升对碳排放呈抑制作用,且存在负向空间溢出效应;而产业结构高度化对碳排放呈促进作用,且存在正向空间溢出效应,总体上处于“倒U型”曲线左侧。（3）八大经济区视角下,随着经济发展水平的提高,产业结构合理化水平提升总体上能够抑制碳排放,而产业结构高度化水平提升则呈现明显的“倒U型”趋势特征,具有两面性,发达地区呈现抑制效应,欠发达地区则相反;当前处于“倒U型”曲线右侧的区域多为发达地区。因此,由产业结构高度化提升导致碳排放量的增加依然属于中国多数省份当前发展的固有阶段性特征,而产业结构合理化提升在总体上能够拉动碳排放峰值前移,促使碳排放早日达峰。欠发达地区不应以增大三产份额为目标,盲目推动产业结构高度化水平提升,这将很有可能对区域经济发展产生负面影响;而产业结构合理化水平提升是既能够适应中国多数省份当前发展惯性,同时又能促进减排或排放降速的有效途径。     

Needs of communications with general public about the potential risk of electromagnetic fields and methods for achieving this goal

In the recent years concerns whether exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from base station antennae can cause adverse health effects are grown. Great attention is paid on risk of EMF exposure to people living in a close proximity of base stations. In this issue, a point of interest is the personnel mounting, adjusting and maintaining base stations. Their working tasks require stay in high EMF levels’ conditions. There are only few studies concerning this specific occupational group. The results from our previous investigation (Zaryabova and Israel 2006) show that in␣many cases on performing some specific tasks operators are overexposed according to our national legislation, and ICNIRP guidelines. Here, we present an extended study covering more base stations and more precise scenario for performed tasks and working positions. Results of exposure assessment are presented. They include energetic load calculations on the basis of Bulgarian national legislation, and the corresponding SAR values. Data are used to determine permissible time duration for each particular work operation and served as a base for limiting the exposure and proposal for protective measures for the personnel.     

Limitations in the SAR Use

Summary The paper discusses several aspects of the practical application of the SAR. It is shown that the unit is an ideal solution for basic research and laboratory experiments. SAR is directly nonmeasurable unit. Although methods and devices based upon indirect SAR measurements may widen our knowledge about EM energy distribution and absorption within a body. It is shown that for practical applications the temperature SAR measurement methods are not sensitive enough while methods based upon E(H) measurement are less accurate than traditional approaches. As a result of assumption SAR = 4 W/kg as a basic restriction the present protection standards are illogical and nonrealiazable. A return to traditional units (E, H, S) in the standards and surveying metrology is suggested.     

Decision Support System for Managing Oil Spill Events

The Mediterranean environment is exposed to various hazards, including oil spills, forest fires, and floods, making the development of a decision support system (DSS) for emergency management an objective of utmost importance. The present work presents a complete DSS for managing marine pollution events caused by oil spills. The system provides all the necessary tools for early detection of oil-spills from satellite images, monitoring of their evolution, estimation of the accident consequences and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during clean-up operations. The heart of the system is an image processing–geographic information system and other assistant individual software tools that perform oil spill evolution simulation and all other necessary numerical calculations as well as cartographic and reporting tasks related to a specific management of the oil spill event. The cartographic information is derived from the extant general maps representing detailed information concerning several regional environmental and land-cover characteristics as well as financial activities of the application area. Early notification of the authorities with up-to-date accurate information on the position and evolution of the oil spill, combined with the detailed coastal maps, is of paramount importance for emergency assessment and effective clean-up operations that would prevent environmental hazard. An application was developed for the Region of Crete, an area particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to its location, ecological characteristics, and local economic activities.     

Phytosociological inference and resource management

The application of vegetation information to resource management problems is reviewed in four areas: (1) the stratification of vegetation data by classification and gradient analysis, (2) the storage and retrieval of these data, (3) the sources of vegetation information, and (4) the accuracy and resolution requirements posed by different management applications. Conclusions indicate that the successful application of inference methods to resource management problems requires an appropriate integration of these four components.     

Using NOAA AVHRR data to assess flood damage in China

The article used two NOAA-14 Advanced Very High ResolutionRadiometer (AVHRR) datasets to assess flood damage in the middleand lower reaches of China's Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in 1998. As the AVHRR is an optical sensor, it cannot penetratethe clouds that frequently cover the land during the flood season, and this technology is greatly limited in flood monitoring. However the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to monitor flooding, sincewater has a much lower NDVI value than other surface features.Though many factors other than flooding (e.g. atmospheric conditions, different sun-target-satellite angles, and cloud) can change NDVI values, inundated areas can be distinguished fromother types of ground cover by changes in the NDVI value beforeand after the flood after eliminating the effects of other factors on NDVI. AVHRR data from 26 May and 22 August, 1998 wereselected to represent the ground conditions before and after flooding. After accurate geometric correction by collecting GCPs,and atmospheric and angular corrections by using the 6S code, NDVI values for both days and their differences were calculatedfor cloud-free pixels. The difference in the NDVI values betweenthese two times, together with the NDVI values and a land-use map, were used to identify inundated areas and to assess the arealost to the flood. The results show a total of 358 867 ha, with 207 556 ha of cultivated fields (paddy and non-irrigated field) inundated during the flood of 1998 in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River Catchment; comparing with the reported total of 321 000 and 197 000 ha, respectively. The discrimination accuracy of this method was tested by comparing the results from two nearly simultaneous sets of remote-sensingdata (NOAA's AVHRR data from 10 September, 1998, and JERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from 11 September, 1998, with a lag of about 18.5 hr) over a representative flooded regionin the study area. The results showed that 67.26% of the total area identified as inundated using the NOAA data was also identified as inundated using the SAR data.     

Measuring Suspended‐Sediment Concentration and Turbidity in the Middle Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers Using Landsat Data

The Middle Mississippi River (MMR) and lower Missouri River (MOR) provide critical navigation waterways, ecological habitat, and flood conveyance. They are also directly linked to processes affecting geomorphic and ecological conditions in the lower MR and Delta. For this study, a method was developed to measure suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) and turbidity along the MMR and the lower MOR using Landsat imagery. Data from nine United States Geological Survey water‐quality monitoring stations were used to create a model‐development dataset and a model‐validation dataset. Concurrent gaging data were identified for available Landsat images to generate the datasets. Surface‐reflectance filters were developed to eliminate images with cirrus cloud coverage or vessel traffic. Using the filtered model‐development dataset, unique reflectance‐SSC and reflectance‐turbidity models were developed for three Landsat sensors: Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper. Coefficient of determination values for the models ranged from 0.72 to 0.88 for the model‐development dataset. The model‐validation dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the models and had coefficient of determination values ranging from 0.62 to 0.79.     

监测浒苔灾害的微波遥感数据选取

2008年奥帆赛举办地青岛海域出现了大面积的浒苔自然灾害,利用卫星遥感监测浒苔能够达到快速准确的效果.本文使用RADARSAT-1、ENVISAT-ASAR、ALOS-PALSAR三种星载雷达传感器的数据,首先进行了影像预处理,并且针对浒苔的影像特征提出了一种基于灰度值的影像分析方法,该方法能够快速的对监测浒苔灾害的星...