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This paper introduces the five papers that follow, all of which were originally presented at a workshop titled Monitoring the Environment: Scales, Methods, and Systems in Historical Perspective. The workshop, sponsored by the Society for the History of Technology and the American Society for Environmental History, examined past efforts to develop tools, methods, and systems for measuring or monitoring some aspect of the physical environment. Four of the papers included here focus on various aspects of air quality monitoring; the fifth has to do with monitoring the earth from space. Despite differences in time period and approach, each article examines how specific tools and methods – and the motivations for developing those tools and methods – evolved. Among other things, these papers make clear that systems for monitoring various aspects of the physical environment are shaped by a variety of stakeholders and suggest that efforts to construct such systems should not be viewed as a purely technical task. 相似文献
953.
Many governments use technology incentives as an important component of their greenhouse gas abatement strategies. These carrots are intended to encourage the initial diffusion of new, greenhouse-gas-emissions-reducing technologies, in contrast to carbon taxes and emissions trading which provide a stick designed to reduce emissions by increasing the price of high-emitting technologies for all users. Technology incentives appear attractive, but their record in practice is mixed and economic theory suggests that in the absence of market failures, they are inefficient compared to taxes and trading. This study uses an agent-based model of technology diffusion and exploratory modeling, a new technique for decision-making under conditions of extreme uncertainty, to examine the conditions under which technology incentives should be a key building block of robust climate change policies. We find that a combined strategy of carbon taxes and technology incentives, as opposed to carbon taxes alone, is the best approach to greenhouse gas emissions reductions if the social benefits of early adoption sufficiently exceed the private benefits. Such social benefits can occur when economic actors have a wide variety of cost/performance preferences for new technologies and either new technologies have increasing returns to scale or potential adopters can reduce their uncertainty about the performance of new technologies by querying the experience of other adopters. We find that if decision-makers hold even modest expectations that such social benefits are significant or that the impacts of climate change will turn out to be serious then technology incentive programs may be a promising hedge against the threat of climate change. 相似文献
954.
吹脱-水解酸化-SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究采用吹脱—水解酸化—SBR工艺处理含高浓度氨氮的垃圾渗滤液。结果表明,采用吹脱预处理可去除废水中60%以上的氨氮,有利于后续生物脱氮和脱碳的进行。生物水解酸化处理在降低废水CODCr值的同时,可以提高废水的可生化性。该方法将曝气期分为二段,并设置缺氧反硝化期,可明显提高氨氮的去除率。 相似文献
955.
构造人工湿地技术及其应用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过介绍构造人工湿地对特征污染物即悬浮物、有机物、氮、磷、细茵以及重金属的去除研究,阐述了污染物去除的基本特征和作用机理,并在植物的选择、设计参数、动力学研究三方面就构造湿地设计进行了探讨与分析,对未来的研究工作作了展望。 相似文献
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间歇式活性污泥法处理啤酒废水 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
在实验研究基础上,成功地应用间歇式活性污泥法(以下简称SBR法)处理啤酒生产废水。实践证明该工艺具有总投资省、处理效果好,对废水水质适应性强、工艺稳定、能耗低等优点。 相似文献
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运用多媒体和网络技术进行秘书写作教学,其教改优势体现在以下几方面:教学手段新颖,加大了教学密度;优化了讲、写、评、阅等教学环节,师生对话得到进一步加强;使考试、评价、反馈系统的操作变得方便快捷,同时也有利于提高学生使用电脑综合处理文字的能力。 相似文献
960.