Using the multiple capitals framework to connect indicators of regional cumulative impacts of mining and pastoralism in the Murray Darling Basin,Australia

It is commonly recognized that there are constraints to successful regional-scale assessment and monitoring of cumulative impacts because of challenges in the selection of coherent and measurable indicators of the effects. It has also been sensibly declared that the connections between components in a region are as important as the state of the elements themselves. These have previously been termed “linked” cumulative impacts/effects. These connections can be difficult to discern because of a complicated set of interactions and unexpected linkages. In this paper we diagnose that a significant cause of these constraints is the selection of indicators without due regard for their inter-relationships in the formulation of the indicator set. The paper examines whether the common “forms of capital”, i.e., natural (renewable and non-renewable), manufactured, social, human and financial capitals, framework is a potential organizing structure. We examine a large region in western NSW Australia where the predominant production systems are mining and grazing for production of wool, beef and lamb. Production in both is driven by consumption of a non-renewable resource, i.e., ore for mining and topsoil for grazing, the latter on the basis that loss rate estimates far exceed soil formation rates. We propose that the challenge of identifying connections of components within and between capital stores can be approached by explicitly separating stores of capital and the flows of capital between stores and between elements within stores, so-called capital fluxes. We attempt to acquire data from public sources for both capital stores and fluxes. The question of whether these data are a sufficient base for regional assessment, with particular reference to connections, is discussed. The well-described challenge of a comparative common currency for stores and fluxes is also discussed. We conclude that the data acquisition is relatively successful for stores and fluxes. A number of linked impacts are identified and discussed. The potential use of money as the common currency for stores and fluxes of capital is considered. The basic proposition is that replacement or preservation costs be used for this. We conclude that the study is sufficiently positive to consider further research in fully-coupled models of capital stores and fluxes.     

战略环评中大气环境影响评价技术体系研究

基于国内外战略环评的研究进展,调研了国内战略环评、规划环评等研究取得的成果,分析了当前战略环评中大气环境影响评价研究中存在的问题,最终提出了一套大气战略环境评价技术体系,并对大气战略环评的研究方法做了明确要求,从而为环境管理者进行科学、有效的决策提供技术支持。     

我国城市总体规划环境影响评价探讨

城市总体规划是城市发展之纲,在我国城市规划体系中占有重要地位。随着环评法的实施,我国已陆续开展了多项城市总体规划环境影响评价工作,取得了理论、方法等方面的进展和实践经验。本文根据城市总体规划的特点和任务探讨了城市总体规划环评的重点,并对城市总体规划环境影响的评价实施主体、层次深度、替代方案、承载力评价、景观影响评价、风险评价和跟踪评价等方面做了进一步的讨论。     

Learning through EC directive based SEA in spatial planning? Evidence from the Brunswick Region in Germany

This paper presents results of an international comparative research project, funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Academy for Sustainable Communities (ASC) on the ‘learning potential of appraisal (strategic environmental assessment — SEA) in spatial planning’. In this context, aspects of ‘single-loop’ and ‘double-loop’ learning, as well as of individual, organisational and social learning are discussed for emerging post-EC Directive German practice in the planning region (Zweckverband) of Brunswick (Braunschweig), focusing on four spatial plan SEAs from various administrative levels in the region. It is found that whilst SEA is able to lead to plan SEA specific knowledge acquisition, comprehension, application and analysis (‘single-loop learning’), it is currently resulting only occasionally in wider synthesis and evaluation (‘double-loop learning’). Furthermore, whilst there is evidence that individual and occasionally organisational learning may be enhanced through SEA, most notably in small municipalities, social learning appears to be happening only sporadically.     

城市化进程中战略环境评价的生态学理论基础

城市是一个自然-经济-社会复合生态系统，本文阐述了开展城市化进程中SEA的必然性及二者之间的关系；以可持续发展为核心的城市生态学理念为开展城市化进程的SEA提供了理论基础，同时城市化进程的SEA又是保证城市复合生态系统中生态与经济协调发展的有效工具之一。     

土地资源承载力在规划环评中的应用研究

土地资源是人类社会发展的基础,开展土地资源承载力研究,并将其引入规划环评中,对于完善规划环评技术方法,更好的发挥其战略指导作用,协调土地资源开发与经济发展和环境保护之间的关系具有重要的意义。本文对土地资源系统进行分析,重新框定土地资源承载力的概念和内涵;建立规划环评土地资源承载力分析的理论模型,并基于DSR模式,构建出一套可操作性强的规划环评土地资源承载力分析指标体系;开展广州南沙区规划环评土地资源承载力分析的应用研究,提出规划调整建议。     

中国区域环境影响评价的发展

我国区域环境影响评价的发展，根据其理论方法研究和环境评价管理的进程，可分为提出、探索和开展３个阶段，并具有理论方法研究和环境评价管理建设密切配合，着重于规划控制技术和顺应发展中国家经济发展对环境管理的需要等发展特点。     

构建战略环境影响评价有效机制框架的关键准则探讨

有效机制决定SEA评价过程的有效性,构建SEA有效机制框架的7个关键准则,即接收环境信号能力、启动时间、公众参与和信息公开、专家管理、利益平衡、替代方案、跟进和落实执行。这7个关键准则是构建一个有效SEA机制的基础和前提。     

一种兼顾目标总量和容量总量的水污染物排放限值确定方法

针对中国水污染物总量管理面临由目标总量管理向容量总量管理的转变趋势,提出了一种兼顾两种管理模式的水污染物排放限值计算方法.该方法建立在水体分类计算、汇水区与行政区相关联、自下而上、不同保护要求的水体予以差别化对待、污染物控制类型扩展的原则上,将水体按环境容量利用方式的不同划分为保护性利用、恢复性利用、控制性利用、开发性利用和限制性利用5种类型,分别采用目标总量、混合管理、容量总量、容量总量和混合管理等不同模式,并给出了分别按汇水区和行政区计算污染物排放限值的一般过程. 将上述方法应用于西南区域发展战略环评案例,结果表明云南省31.25%地市需调减COD总量,43.75%地市需调减氨氮总量,而贵州省55.56%地市可适当调增COD总量,44.44%地市可适当调增氨氮排放总量.该方法可将总量限值的确定与当地水环境质量改善紧密结合,强化水环境对现状质量不达标地区未来发展的约束,同时适当减弱水环境条件对达标地区的约束以换取其发展空间.以计算出的排放限值为依据对当前的减排目标进行调整可为云贵实现又好又快发展提供支撑.经案例验证,本文所建立的方法为中国水环境管理从目标总量模式向容量总量模式发展提供了技术手段.     

“三线一单”纳入城市发展战略环评技术体系研究

将生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和环境准入负面清单（即"三线一单"）环境管理要求纳入战略环境评价（SEA）,是完善城市发展SEA的潜在有效手段,然而如何将两者进行有机结合尚缺乏实践经验.本文探讨了"三线一单"在城市发展SEA各主要评价环节的作用与评价内容,从重点任务和技术流程两方面建构了基于"三线一单"的城市发展SEA评价技术体系,并以鄂尔多斯绿色发展SEA为例进行检验.结果显示,对于鄂尔多斯这类空间尺度大、自然环境和产业发展异质性高的城市,该体系能够有效预防和解决战略实施过程中城镇无序扩张和产业结构失调造成的环境污染、生态功能退化和资源配置低效等问题,并推动完善城市分级分区差异化环境管控.