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271.
伴随着航空公司对未来几年氮氧化物(NOx)排放量增长的预测,量化机场NOx排放量日益重要。根据国际民航组织认证的发动机排放数据,在研究推力对NOx排放的影响时,通常模拟4个推力级别:100%(起飞阶段)、85%(爬坡阶段)、30%(进近阶段)、7%(慢车阶段)。美国联邦航空局设计了模型——排放和扩散模拟系统,利用该模型对4个阶段分别进行模拟。结果表明,飞机在最大推力时产生的NOx量最多。分析了起飞阶段减推力下起飞对机场年NOx排放量的影响,通过排放和扩散模拟系统,研究了一系列算法,用于预测推力与NOx排放量的关系。 相似文献
272.
Cláudia Ribeiro Ana Rita Ribeiro Maria Elizabeth Tiritan 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(3):143-153
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widespread compounds, such as organohalogenated compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, which can be found in all types of environmental compartments. Their presence in the aquatic environment is a worldwide problem, with emphasis on sediments which act as depository and consequently as a source of hydrophobic, recalcitrant and harmful compounds. Besides, these pollutants might affect the reproduction and mortality of living organisms, diverging in their potential to bioaccumulate in tissues. The present paper aims to review the occurrence of POPs in sediments and biota from the coastal, estuarine and river areas of Portugal. The list of the studied compounds comprises organohalogenated compounds, PAHs, organometallic compounds, pesticides, sterols, fatty acids and pharmaceutical compounds. The contamination of sediments by various pollutants is presented, such as PAHs up to 7,350 ng g?1 found in Sado estuary and polychlorinated biphenyls up to 62.2 ng g?1 in the case of sediments collected in Ria de Aveiro. The occurrence of these persistent toxic substances in sediments demonstrates aquatic contamination from agricultural, industrial and urban discharges and the concern about the potential risks to aquatic organisms, wildlife and humans. In fact, several classes of POPs have also been found in biota, such as polychlorinated biphenyls up to 810.9 ng g?1 in sentinel fish from the Douro River estuary and pesticides in bivalves from the Sado River estuary. The importance of further systematic research on sediments and biota is here highlighted to compare the contamination of these two reservoirs; to assess their spatial and temporal variation; and to determine other classes of POPs that were not investigated yet (e.g., industrial compounds, estrogens and many classes of pharmaceuticals). 相似文献
273.
274.
As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml-1 to 1,760 Bq ml-1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (RD) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g-1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of RD to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between RD for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples. 相似文献
275.
通过在丰水期对贵州省某流域城市河段悬浮物和沉积物中的重金属含量进行测定,运用单因子指数法、生态风险评价法、因子分析法,初步探讨了该河段Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr、Ni及As等8种重金属元素的含量分布、污染特征、潜在生态风险及主要来源。检测结果显示,沉积物和悬浮物中Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb、As的平均含量较高,是贵州省土壤背景值的1.02~16.97倍。单因子指数评价结果表明:在沉积物中,Zn、Pb、As为轻度污染,Hg和Cd为重度污染;在悬浮物中,Cu、Pb、As为轻度污染,Zn为中度污染,Hg和Cd为重度污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示,Hg和Cd的生态风险最大,为主要污染元素。研究区沉积物样品综合生态风险指数(RI)介于183.27~1 393.96,平均值为912.06,总体处于严重生态风险等级;悬浮物样品RI值介于341.53~612.38,平均值为436.85,总体处于重度生态风险等级。其中,沉积物样品重金属平均生态风险等级高于悬浮物样品,支流样品重金属生态风险等级总体上低于干流下游样品。根据因子分析法分析结果,初步推测沉积物及悬浮物Hg、Cd、Cr、Ni含量主要受工... 相似文献
276.
基于沉积物N2吸附脱附曲线,通过不同植被沉积物采样、扰动模拟和化学清洗实验,分析河口滨海湿地表层沉积物的微观形貌特征与形成原因.研究表明,光滩(A)的沉积物比表面积最低(17.07m2/g),表面分形维数也是最低(2.5177);互花米草(E)沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数次之,分别为20.82m2/g、2.5354;而湿地中间的红树(D)、互花米草(B)及其二者混交(C)的3种沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数较高.其原因可能是光滩(A)和互花米草(E)由于靠近河边,受到河流与潮水影响较大,较其他长有植被且离河流较远的沉积物,更易受到扰动与污染,空间填充能力弱化所致.相关关系分析表明,沉积物比表面积与表面分形分数同沉积物无机氮磷形态显著正相关,这表明沉积物比表面积和表面分形维数较低的沉积物,其表面吸附能力和空间填充能力较弱,而使得吸附的无机氮磷形态污染物减少.另外,受扰动的沉积物具有较低的比表面积和表面分形维数,污染程度较轻的沉积物具有较高的比表面积和表面分形维数.可见,受潮汐、河流扰动和污染程度的不同是九龙江口湿地表层沉积物微观形貌差异形成的主要原因. 相似文献
277.
Di Guardo A Ferrari C Infantino A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):50-58
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.009
Background, Aims and Scope Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario',
in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation
time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input
parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model,
(DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario.
Methods The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build
the fully dynamic version of the model.
Results and Discussion The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped
and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations
close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty
analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates.
Conclusion The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded
as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange.
Recommendation and Outlook In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the
time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension
rates). 相似文献
278.
L. J. Sheppard A. Crossley I. D. Leith K. J. Hargreaves J. A. Carfrae N. van Dijk J. N. Cape D. Sleep D. Fowler J. A. Raven 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(6):197-205
Critical N loads for ombrotrophic bogs, which often contain rare and N-sensitive plants (especially those in lower plant groups: lichens, mosses and liverworts), are based on very few experimental data from measured, low background N deposition areas. Additionally the relative effects of reduced versus oxidised N are largely unknown. This paper describes an automated field exposure system (30 km S. of Edinburgh, Scotland) for treating ombrotrophic bog vegetation with fine droplets of oxidised N (NaNO3) and reduced N (NH4Cl). Whim Moss exists in an area of low ambient N deposition (ca. 8 kg N ha–1 y–1), the sources and quantification of which are described. The wet N treatment system is run continuously, and is controlled/activated by wind speed and rainfall to provide a unique simulation of real world treatment patterns (no rain=no treatment). Simulated precipitation is supplied at ionic concentrations below4mMin rainwater collected on site. Treatments provide a replicated dose response to 16, 32 and 64 kg N ha–1 y–1 adjusted for ambient deposition (8 kg N ha–1 y–1). The 16 and 64 kg N ha–1 y–1 are duplicated with a P+K supplement. Baseline soil chemistry and foliar nutrient status was established for all 44 plots for Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum capillifolium, Hypnum jutlandicum and Cladonia portentosa. 相似文献
279.
Green-Ruiz C Ruelas-Inzunza J Páez-Osuna F 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(4):321-329
In order to know the concentration of mercury in surface sediments, macroalgae and clams from Guaymas Bay, Mexico, 20 surface
sediment samples and several individuals of Codium amplivesciculatum (3), Enteromorpha clathrata (4), Gracilaria subsecundata (2), Ulva lactuca (2), Chione subrugosa (80) and Crassostrea gigas (40) were collected and their Hg concentration was measured by a cold vapor Hg analyzer, after acid digestion. In addition,
granulometric analysis and quantification of total organic carbon, aluminum, iron and manganese contents in sediments were
performed. A Pearsons correlation matrix was determined and, the enrichment factor, the geoaccumulation index and the biota-sediment
accumulation factor were calculated. Mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 μg g−1, with the central and northern portions showing the highest values. Macroalgae had a content of Hg that oscillated from 0.058
to 0.134 μg g−1, while the average concentrations of this metal for clams and oysters were 0.063 and 0.230 μg g−1, respectively. A clear effect of Guaymas City and the anthropogenic activities carried out around the Guaymas Bay has been
observed and the enrichment factor and the geochemical index suggest that sediments from this coastal ecosystem are moderately
to strongly contaminated with Hg. However, according to the figure of the maximum human consumption of Hg per week recommended
by the World Health Organization, people can ingest clams without risk to their health. 相似文献
280.
Antonella Cilenti Maria Rosaria Provenzano Nicola Senesi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2005,3(2):53-56
In this paper hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils at different
degrees of salinisation were characterised by means of fluorescence spectroscopy in the emission, excitation and synchronous-scan
modes. Results provided evidence of the different chemical nature of DOM fractions and allowed to distinguish hydrophilic
and hydrophobic fractions extracted from the same soil substrate. The strong decrease in fluorescence intensity observed with
the increasing salinity of the soils can be utilised to obtain information on the salinity level of different soil substrates
by comparison of spectral fluorescence intensities. 相似文献