加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定海洋沉积物中多氯联苯残留

样品采用加速溶剂萃取,萃取液依次经复合硅胶和石墨化炭黑柱净化后,采用GC-MS法测定样品中的多氯联苯残留。结果表明,方法检出限为(0.005～0.038)×10-9(湿重),样品加标回收率为68.5%～108.4%,RSD为2.1%～11.8%。本方法具有提取效率高,净化效果好,回收率高,准确灵敏等优点,可应用于海洋沉积物中多氯联苯等持久性有机污染物残留的监测。     

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃标准参考物质的原料样品制备研究

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃(PAHs)标准参考物质是海洋环境沉积物监测分析中质量控制和质量保证的重要保障。由于缺少对相关原料样筛选研究,目前我国尚未有自主制备的海洋沉积物基质PAHs标准参考物质。通过海洋沉积物原始数据调研、定点筛查、实验室间验证等手段,对江苏近岸海域海洋沉积物原料样进行筛选研究。结果表明,连云港赣榆某入海口点位的海洋沉积物样品∑PAHs的质量分数为413μg/kg,该样品各粒径中的PAHs质量分数分布均匀,精密度能够满足我国海洋沉积物环境监测质量控制需求,可以为进一步制备海洋沉积物PAHs标准参考物质提供技术支持。     

Estimating Sediment and Nutrient Loads in Four Western Lake Superior Streams

Total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) have been shown to be strongly correlated with turbidity in watersheds. High‐frequency in situ turbidity can provide estimates of these potential pollutants over a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Concentrations and loads were estimated in four western Lake Superior trout streams from 2005 to 2010 using regression models relating continuous turbidity data to grab sample measures of TSS and TP during differing flow regimes. TSS loads estimated using the turbidity surrogate were compared with those made using FLUX software, a standard assessment technique based on discharge and grab sampling for TSS. More traditional rating curve methodology was not suitable because of the high variability in the particulates vs. discharge relationship. Stream‐specific turbidity and TSS data were strongly correlated (r² = 0.5 to 0.8; p < 0.05) and less so for TP (r² = 0.3 to 0.7; p < 0.05). Near‐continuous turbidity monitoring (every 15 min) provided a good method for estimating both TSS and TP concentration, providing information when manual sample collection was unlikely, and allowing for detailed analyses of short‐term responses of flashy Lake Superior tributaries to highly variable weather and hydrologic conditions while the FLUX model typically resulted in load estimates greater than those determined using the turbidity surrogate, with 17/23 stream years having greater FLUX estimates for TSS and 18/23 for TP.     

九龙江口湿地表层沉积物微观形貌特征与成因分析

基于沉积物N2吸附脱附曲线,通过不同植被沉积物采样、扰动模拟和化学清洗实验,分析河口滨海湿地表层沉积物的微观形貌特征与形成原因.研究表明,光滩(A)的沉积物比表面积最低(17.07m2/g),表面分形维数也是最低(2.5177);互花米草(E)沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数次之,分别为20.82m2/g、2.5354;而湿地中间的红树(D)、互花米草(B)及其二者混交(C)的3种沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数较高.其原因可能是光滩(A)和互花米草(E)由于靠近河边,受到河流与潮水影响较大,较其他长有植被且离河流较远的沉积物,更易受到扰动与污染,空间填充能力弱化所致.相关关系分析表明,沉积物比表面积与表面分形分数同沉积物无机氮磷形态显著正相关,这表明沉积物比表面积和表面分形维数较低的沉积物,其表面吸附能力和空间填充能力较弱,而使得吸附的无机氮磷形态污染物减少.另外,受扰动的沉积物具有较低的比表面积和表面分形维数,污染程度较轻的沉积物具有较高的比表面积和表面分形维数.可见,受潮汐、河流扰动和污染程度的不同是九龙江口湿地表层沉积物微观形貌差异形成的主要原因.     

青年湖沉积物中氮赋存形态的季节性变化

通过对青年湖中心区和浅滩区近1 a的野外观测,分析其沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中TN、EN(可交换态氮)和Fixed-NH4+-N(固定态铵)的含量及表层沉积物Eh和温度的季节变化.结果表明:沉积物中w(TN)较高,且中心区大于浅滩区;NH4+-N是沉积物中EN的主要形式,约占w(EN)的95%,是氮自沉积物向表层水扩散的主要形态;沉积物中w(NO3--N)和w(NO2--N)较低;青年湖沉积物具有较强的吸持Fixed-NH4+-N的能力,浅滩区和中心区w(Fixed-NH4+-N)占w(TN)的比例分别为18.57%和20.84%,Fixed-NH4+-N是潜在氮源;沉积物中w(可交换态NH4+-N)和w(Fixed-NH4+-N)呈现春、夏季降低,秋、冬季升高的变化趋势,w(NO3--N)呈春、夏季升高而秋、冬季降低的变化趋势,且浅滩区变幅大于中心区;植物根系、温度的季节性变化可改变表层沉积物的还原环境,进而影响氮的硝化-反硝化作用和矿化作用.      

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and organic matter characteristics as river sediment quality indices

Selected persistent organic pollutants – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides – were determined in sediments, soils, and crops from the Asopos River area, Greece. The river has been receiving industrial effluents for the last 40 years and has been recently found to be polluted with metals. Sediments were collected in the dry (May) and wet (February) season. Agricultural soils and cultivated crops were sampled from adjacent fields. Polychlorinated biphenyls were below the limit of detection in all samples. In one tomato and two soil samples, DDT and DDE were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were observed in 5% of the sediments and in concentrations ranging from 4 to 57 μg kg^?1 dry weight, quite below sediment quality guidelines. Diagnostic ratios of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicated a strong influence of petrogenic point discharges. In the sediments, silicate minerals dominate over carbonates and the organic carbon content ranges from 0.4% to 3.5%, more than 70% being of natural origin. Compared to other rivers worldwide, the Asopos River was found to be not contaminated with persistent organic pollutants. Point loadings of organic pollutants were evident but continuous discharge is not occurring throughout the river basin.     

太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义

太湖作为重要的工农业用水水源以及周边居民饮用水源,其水质安全受到高度关注。在太湖西部入湖口采集7个沉积物样品,研究了合成麝香、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(OPs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)含量水平和分布规律。研究结果表明,沉积物中多种污染物分布广泛,含量水平差异较大。其中,Σ15PAHs含量371 ng·g~(-1)~2.53$103ng·g~(-1),主要来源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料高温裂解;沉积物中检出4种多环麝香,主要组分为佳乐麝香(HHCB)(0.0792 ng·g~(-1)~1.17 ng·g~(-1))和吐纳麝香(AHTN)(0.123 ng·g~(-1)~1.29 ng·g~(-1)),它们指示了太湖水体已遭受一定程度生活污水输入影响;沉积物中Σ6OPs含量范围为1.63 ng·g~(-1)~21.9 ng·g~(-1),主要污染组分为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),并呈现明显的点源排放特征;沉积物中六六六系列(HCHs)(0.310 ng·g~(-1)~1.11 ng·g~(-1))和滴滴涕系列(DDTs)(0.551 ng·g~(-1)~6.40 ng·g~(-1))主要来源于历史残留。位于太滆流域的几个入湖口沉积物中多种污染物含量多高于浙江省辖区3个入湖口沉积物。     

洪湖沉积柱中重金属的历史分布特征及来源

为了解历史上洪湖重金属的含量水平及来源,于2014年12月在洪湖中心位置采集了沉积柱,分析了沉积柱中4种重金属（Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb）的含量,并结合¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb定年技术得到沉积物中重金属高分辨率年代沉积序列.结果表明：洪湖沉积柱中4种重金属总量介于67.86~189.57mg/kg之间,4种重金属含量的高低为Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd.地累计指数表明Cu和Zn未达到污染级别,而Pb为无污染到中度污染级别,Cd为中度污染到强污染级别.沉积物中重金属含量受洪水和围湖造田的共同影响,新滩水闸建成前,洪水会导致沉积物中重金属含量先降低,随后升高.水闸建成后,洪水会导致洪湖出现内涝致使沉积物中重金属含量升高;围湖造田导致沉积物中重金属含量升高.源解析研究表明,沉积物重金属来源于非点源农业污染、交通活动以及工业废水和生活废水排放.     

中国近海和河口环境铜污染的状况

我国铜消费量已稳居世界前列,但随之而来的是铜带来的环境污染压力。铜污染问题不但在内陆环境逐渐突出,而且在近海和河口环境也日趋严重。通过分析近年来发表的我国近海河口海水、沉积物、牡蛎的铜含量数据,评估我国近海和河口环境的铜污染现状。数据显示,我国近海和河口环境大部分地区铜污染水平较低,但存在个别污染严重的区域。沉积物柱状样的数据显示,我国近海河口环境铜污染水平在过去几十年中呈逐渐上升趋势。铜污染已经开始威胁我国近海和河口环境的健康发展。"蓝牡蛎"和"绿牡蛎"是我国近海河口生物受铜污染影响的一个典型例子。多地发现"蓝牡蛎"的现象印证了铜污染源在近海河口环境普遍存在的观点。牡蛎受重金属污染而变色是一个值得研究的污染现象,它包含了复杂的生物学和生态学因素。本文探讨了"蓝牡蛎"和"绿牡蛎"形成的机制。     

Extraction of anthropogenic heavy metals from reduced sediments: Indeterminations due to authigenic sulphides and clay minerals

A mineralogical and micro‐chemical study was performed by X‐ray diffraction and SEM/EDS techniques in a reduced sediment sample from the Venice Lagoon to investigate selectivity and significance of two widely used acid extractions (cold IN HCl and hot 8N HNO₃) for the evaluation of anthropogenic metal concentrations. Hydrochloric acid determines an incomplete and variable solubilization of authigenic iron sulphides, yielding a partial extraction of the associated metals (Hg, Mn, Zn and less Ni and Cu). Nitric acid is effective in solubilizing all sulphides, however, it leads to an overestimate of the anthropogenic metal content since it partially dissolves the lattice of some clay‐minerals, particularly chlorites. When these acid extractions are used to asses metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems, the possible over or under‐estimate of the anthropogenic concentration must be taken into account, considering the mineralogical composition of the sediment.