PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN STREAMBED SEDIMENTS,NEW JERSEY1

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of 18 hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 100 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine (1) which compounds were detected most frequently, (2) whether detection frequencies differed among selected drainage basins, and (3) whether concentrations differed significantly among selected drainage basins. Twelve drainage basins across New Jersey that contain a range of land-use patterns and population densities were selected to represent various types and degrees of development. To ensure an adequate number of samples for statistical comparison among drainage basins, the 12 selected basins were consolidated into seven drainage areas on the basis of similarities in land-use patterns and population densities. Additionally, data for three classes of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 255 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine whether the presence of these compounds in streambed sediments is related to the type and degree of development within the drainage area of each sampling site. Chlorinated organic compounds detected most frequently within the seven representative drainage areas were DDT, DDE, DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs. DDT, DDE, and DDD, which were the most widely distributed organic compounds, were detected in about 60 to 100 percent of the samples from all drainage areas but one (where the detection rate for these compounds was about 20 to 40 percent). Chiordane and dieldrin were detected in about 80 to 100 percent of samples from highly urbanized and populated drainage areas; detection frequencies for these compounds tended to be smaller in less developed and populated areas. PCBs were detected in about 40 to 85 percent of samples from all drainage areas; detection frequencies were highest in the most heavily developed and populated areas. Analysis of variance on rank-transformed organic compound concentrations normalized to sediment organic carbon content was used to evaluate differences in concentrations among the seven representative drainage areas. Chlordane and PCBs were the chlorinated organic compounds with the most highly elevated concentrations in streambed sediments across the State. Median normalized concentrations of all six of the most frequently detected chlorinated organic compounds were highest in the most heavily urbanized and populated drainage area and lowest in the less populated, predominantly agricultural or forested areas. Concentrations of DDT and DDE, however, did not differ significantly among most of the drainage areas. Concentrations of DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs differed significantly among drainage areas. The highest median normalized concentrations were found in samples from the most heavily urbanized and populated areas, and the lowest were in samples from the least developed, most heavily forested area. Logistic regression was used to examine relations between the presence of hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments at specified concentrations and variables that characterize the type and degree of development within the drainage areas of 255 sites across New Jersey. The explanatory variables found most useful for predicting the presence of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments include total population and amounts (in square kilometers) of various land-use categories. Logistic regression equations were developed to identify significant relations between population and amounts of specific land-use categories within drainage areas and the probability of detecting chlorinated organic contaminants in streambed sediments. These relations can be used to assist in the identification of geographic regions of primary concern for contamination of bed sediments by chlorinated organic compounds across the State.     

黄河兰州段城市河道表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

为研究黄河流域城市河道表层沉积物重金属污染特征和来源,以黄河兰州段为研究区,采集46个表层沉积物样品并测定了重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量.分别采用单因子污染指数(P_i)、地累积指数(I_geo)和沉积物污染指数(SPI)对这8种重金属污染特征和生态风险进行了评估,并利用相关性分析方法(CA)、正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数法(PCA/APCS)相结合的手段解析了表层沉积物中重金属的来源.结果表明,表层沉积物重金属平均含量除As之外,其余7种重金属的平均含量均高于兰州市和甘肃省土壤元素背景值;空间上,各重金属元素含量高值集中于河道拐弯处;单因子污染指数和地累积指数结果均表明,表层沉积物以Cr污染为主,Cd和Ni污染次之;沉积物污染指数结果表明,重金属生态风险等级为自然-低风险级别.研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等重金属的主要来源为工农业混合源、自然源以及工业和交通活动复合源,贡献率分别为77.6%、11.4%和11%.     

Lake Ontario sediments in monitoring pollution

An investigation was carried out to select locations for long-term monitoring of inputs of contaminants into Lake Ontario using fine-grained bottom sediments as an historical record of pollution. The sediment sampling program was designed to determine sediment heterogeneity in the western, central and eastern depositional basins of the lake. Surficial sediments and sediment cores were collected in each basin to obtain information on horizontal distribution and concentration profiles of major and trace elements in the sediments (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Ti, Mn, P, As, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results of the investigation indicated that fine-grained sediments in three Lake Ontario depositional basins are homogeneous to a high degree, and that only a few sediment cores need to be collected within each basin for the long-term monitoring of inputs of contaminants to the lake.     

珠江口沉积物中痕量金属富集研究

由相关系数和主成份分析 ,选择铁和铝作为沉积物中痕量金属浓度的均一化元素 .沉积层面中金属浓度超过线性基线模型的 95 %预测上限被视为富集 .结果表明 ,珠江口沉积物中金属富集主要出现在西部浅水区和东侧航道 ,明显受河口水动力条件和沿岸人类活动的影响 .富集层面中痕量金属大部分结合在相对稳定的地球化学相上 ,生物可给性较低 .痕量金属富集的空间分布表明铜和锌主要来自点源排放 ,铅则表现出非点源特征 .     

汤逊湖表层沉积物重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

为了解汤逊湖沉积物重金属的污染特征、空间分布、潜在来源和生态风险,对汤逊湖表层沉积物重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)含量进行分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险程度进行评价,并利用相关性和主成分分析法解析重金属主要污染物的潜在来源.结果 表明,除Cr外,...     

Determination of Endosulfans in Soil/Sediment Samples from Point Mugu, Oxnard, California Using Capillary Gas Chromatography/Mass Selective Detection (GC/MSD)

The extent of contamination by endosulfans in soil samples collected from the Point Mugu watershed near Oxnard, California was determined using capillary gas chromatography/mass selective detection (GC/MSD). The study was designed to detect three organochlorinated pesticides: endosulfan , endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. Thirteen sets of two soil samples each were taken from various sites in the region. Our results show that the endosulfan levels in these soils range from trace amounts to nearly 30 ppm, with endosulfan being the most abundant and endosulfan sulfate the least. Two sites of the study, Hueneme and Revolon and Farm and Revolon, showed high amounts of endosulfans and , with concentrations between 20 and 30 ppm. The majority of the other sites studied in this research produced concentrations of less than 10 ppm for each of the three endosulfans monitored. At five areas in particular, Pleasant Valley and Creek, Laguna and Creek, Etting and Creek, Road and Creek and Hueneme and Creek, less than 2 ppm or only trace amounts of endosulfans , and sulfate were detected.     

三峡库区表层沉积物营养盐时空变化及评价

三峡工程开建以来,三峡水库长江干支流水文形势发生了重大变化,水体流态及悬浮物沉降条件的改变可能导致库区表层沉积物性状的改变.对2000~2015年三峡水库长江干流江津至坝址段和嘉陵江、御临河、乌江、小江、大宁河、香溪河等主要入库支流河口表层沉积物中营养盐含量水平、时空变化及污染状况分析和评价.结果表明:干流表层沉积物中总磷各断面含量平均值在678.2~928.6 mg·kg~(-1)之间,总氮质量分数平均值在0.203%~0.362%,钾元素质量分数平均值在1.74%~2.37%之间,有机质质量分数平均值在0.94%~1.54%之间;支流河口表层沉积物中总磷各断面含量平均值在490.1~832.3 mg·kg~(-1)之间,总氮质量分数平均值在0.257%~0.495%,钾元素质量分数平均值在1.69%~2.32%之间,有机质质量分数平均值在1.21%~2.27%之间.干支流绝大部分断面表层沉积物中总磷、钾均值与背景值基本相当,但总氮均值明显高于背景值、有机质均值则显著低于背景值.干支流各断面沉积物中营养盐含量未表现出明显的岸别差异;不同的营养盐在沉积物中含量沿程变化趋势呈现出较明显的差异.不同水期干支流沉积物中营养盐含量存在一定程度的波动;蓄水对表层沉积物中营养盐含量影响有限,未出现明显地随蓄水进程而进一步富集现象.有机指数和有机氮污染评价结果表明,三峡库区表层沉积物环境状况以较清洁为主,仅个别支流和局部时段会呈现较明显的有机污染现象,但均存在较明显的有机氮污染.三峡库区表层沉积物中营养物质存在一定的生态风险,营养物质生态风险主要来自TP和TN.     

长江水系河流沉积物重金属元素含量的计算方法研究

采用长江水系约２６０个背景样点沉积物原样和小于６３μｍ细粒沉积物中１１种重金属元素（铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、钴、镍、砷、铬、锰和铁）含量的数据，研究了数据的频率分布特征和变异系数，比较了算术均值、几何均值和中位数与由Ｂｏｘ－Ｃｏｘ变换而得到的对称均值间的大小关系，结果表明，大多数重金属元素含量服从对数正态分布；采用算术均值表示均值会有较大的偏差，且这种偏差随变异系数的增大而增大；采用中位数偏差较小，但     

枯落物输入对白洋淀浅水湖泊氮转化的影响

以白洋淀浅水湖泊沉积物和上覆水为研究对象,通过45 d室内厌氧培养实验,探究了不同氮水平条件下枯落物添加(芦苇、篦齿眼子菜、芦苇+篦齿眼子菜)对沉积物-水体系中无机氮转化的影响.结果 表明,枯落物添加显著增加了沉积物和水中的铵态氮含量、无机氮含量及净氮矿化速率(p＜0.05),而显著降低了水中硝态氮含量(p＜0.05)...     

楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物放射性核素的分布

对中国首次北极科学考察期间在楚科奇海采集的9个表层沉积物样品进行了γ谱分析。结果表明,2 1 0 Pb的比活度介于16.0～76.6Bq·kg 1 之间,平均为3 6.9Bq·kg 1 ,低于大多数中低纬度区表层沉积物的2 1 0 Pb比活度,反映出研究海域低的大气2 1 0 Pb输入通量。2 2 6 Ra、1 37Cs、2 38U的放射性比活度范围和平均值分别为11.4～2 0 .9、1.7～2 .9、3 2 .4～5 3 .4Bq·kg 1 和17.6、2 .2、44 .4Bq·kg 1 。研究海域表层沉积物中的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U ) A .R .介于0 .3 5～0 .47之间,低的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U) A .R .表明U、Ra的地球化学行为存在差异。2 1 0 Pb、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs、4 0 K比活度和灼烧失重率均随离岸距离的增加逐渐减小,而2 2 6 Ra和2 38U则具有各自不同的分布特征,分别与研究海域表层沉积物Si和Ca的分布比较类似。对核素间相关关系的分析表明,研究海域表层沉积物中1 37Cs和2 1 0 Pbex含量与灼烧失重率之间存在良好的线性正相关关系,证实有机物质在2 1 0 Pb、1 37Cs的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。