北京市凉水河表层沉积物中砷含量及其赋存形态

选择北京市典型的非常规水源补给城市河流(凉水河)为研究对象,采用王水水浴消解法和BCR三步提取法分析了表层沉积物中砷含量及其形态,并利用富集系数法、风险评估指数法和沉积物重金属质量基准法对表层沉积物中砷进行评价.结果表明,凉水河表层沉积物中总砷含量范围是2.18~22.5 mg·kg~(-1),均值为6.01 mg·kg~(-1),多数样点低于北京市土壤中砷的背景值;沉积物中砷主要以残渣态(B4态)存在,平均含量为3.93 mg·kg~(-1);沉积物中各形态砷所占的平均比例顺序为:残渣态(B4态)可还原态(B2态)可氧化态(B3态)弱酸可溶解态(B1态),其中生物有效态砷占总砷的平均比例为39.61%.富集系数法分析结果显示凉水河表层沉积物中砷基本未出现富集;风险评估指数法分析结果显示凉水河60%的采样点表层沉积物中砷含量呈中度风险,40%的采样点呈低风险;沉积物重金属质量基准法分析结果显示凉水河55%的采样点表层沉积物中砷含量低于阈值效应水平(TEL),40%的采样点处于可能效应水平(PEL)和阈值效应水平(TEL)之间.     

Biological treatment of fish processing wastewater: A case study from Sfax City (Southeastern Tunisia)

The present work presents a study of the biological treatment of fish processing wastewa at salt concentration of 55 g/L. Wastewater was treated by both continuous stirred-ta reactor(CSTR) and membrane bioreactor(MBR) during 50 and 100 days, respectively. Th biological processes involved salt-tolerant bacteria from natural hypersaline environme at different organic loading rates(OLRs). The phylogenetic analysis of the correspond excised DGGE bands has demonstrated that the taxonomic affiliation of the most domin species includes Halomonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families of the Proteobacteria(Gamm proteobacteria class) and the Bacteroidetes phyla, respectively. The results of MBR w better than those of CSTR in the removal of total organic carbon with efficiencies from 97 to 98.6%. Nevertheless, salinity with increasing OLR aggravates fouling that requires m cleaning for a membrane in MBR while leads to deterioration of sludge settleability a effluent quality in CSTR.     

重庆典型区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷污染特征分析

为了解重庆市旧城区雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的污染特性,采集了生活区、交通干道、文教区、商业区等典型区域的雨水管道沉积物,利用化学提取法分析沉积物中氮磷的含量分布及赋存形态.结果表明:不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮含量的空间差异性显著,含量大小都表现为文教区商业区居住区交通干道,其中,总氮(TN)含量为(3.05±2.23)mg·g-1,有机氮(ON)含量为(2.77±1.98)mg·g-1,硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)含量为(0.029±0.024)mg·g-1,氨氮(NH3-N)含量为(0.254±0.220)mg·g-1;而磷与氮不同,空间差异性不明显,总磷(TP)含量表现为商业区交通干道居住区文教区,其中,TP含量为(1.89±0.22)mg·g-1,磷酸盐(PO-3-P)含量为(0.155±0.022)mg·g-1;不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的赋存结构并无较大差异,表现为TN中ON占主导(92.45%),无机氮(IN)中NH3-N占主导(88.87%),而磷主要以颗粒态(PP)为主;氮形态与pH呈负相关,与有机碳(OC)呈正相关,而磷与pH、OC相关性不显著;TP呈现出显著富集的特性.     

大清河水系河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征

沉积物中重金属污染是影响河流水生态系统健康的重要因素.本文采集大清河水系河流表层沉积物,分析了沉积物粒径分布、沉积物中有机质及6种重金属的含量,并采用富集系数法和生态危害指数法进行了重金属的来源解析和风险评价.结果表明:大清河水系河流表层沉积物粒径分布以粉砂为主,占51.27%,砂、黏土所占比例较低,分别为38.56%和10.17%;沉积物中有机质平均含量达到3.94%,且平原/滨海段含量较高;6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均值分别为0.68、110.28、73.91、34.74、32.01和227.88 mg·kg-1,均超出背景值.Cd、Cu和Zn的富集系数分别为5.90、2.69和2.15,以人为来源为主;潜在生态危害指数大小顺序为Cd(217.38)Cu(16.05)Pb(7.45)Ni(5.64)Cr(3.23)Zn(2.91),其中Cd呈很强生态危害;重金属综合潜在生态危害表明,大清河水系河流表层沉积物整体处于中度生态危害(RI=253.56).此外,随沉积物中有机质含量增加,Cu和Zn含量增加;随沉积物粒径中值增大,Cd含量增加.     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (∼ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

由硫酸亚铁（绿矾）制取还原铁粉的工艺研究

提出了一种新的绿矾综合利用的途径,即绿矾经碳酸盐转化,然后采用无烟煤作还原剂,CaCO3为添加剂,进行高温还原焙烧制取还原铁粉.先将绿矾用水溶解,用理论量1.2倍的（NH4）2CO3将FeSO4转化为FeCO3,FeCO3焙烧的最佳条件是FeCO3∶无烟煤∶CaCO3为100∶60∶8,焙烧温度为1000℃,焙烧时间为4.5 h.粗还原铁粉化学成分除C含量较高外,符合国家有关标准,900℃左右经氢气精还原1 h所得精还原铁粉化学成分的各项指标,均达到或优于国家有关标准的要求.     

Riverine transfer of heavy metals from Patagonia to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

The occurrence and geochemical behaviour of Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn and Co are studied in riverine detrital materials transported by Patagonian rivers. Their riverine inputs have been estimated and the nature of these inputs to the Atlantic Ocean is discussed. Most of the metals are transported to the ocean via the suspended load; there is evidence that Fe oxides and organic matter are important phases controlling their distribution in the detrital non-residual fraction. Most heavy metal concentrations found in bed sediments, in suspended matter, and in the dissolved load of Patagonian rivers were comparable to those reported for non-polluted rivers. There is indication that human activity is altering riverine metal inputs to the ocean. In the northern basins – and indicating anthropogenic effects – heavy metals distribution in the suspended load is very different from that found in bed sediments. The use of pesticides in the Negro River valley seems correlated with increased riverine input of Cu, mostly bound to the suspended load. The Deseado and Chico Rivers exhibit increased specific yield of metals as a consequence of extended erosion within their respective basins. The Santa Cruz is the drainage basin least affected by human activity and its metal-exporting capacity should be taken as an example of a relatively unaffected large hydrological system. In contrast, coal mining modifies the transport pattern of heavy metals in the Gallegos River, inasmuch as they are exported to the coastal zone mainly as dissolved load. Electronic Publication     

墨水湖上覆水与沉积物间隙水中重金属的分布特征

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重，在我国内陆城市受污染湖泊中具代表性。应用 ICP MS对墨水湖上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的主要重金属元素进行了定量测试，并分析了其空间分布特征和变化规律。在此基础上，结合微量重金属界面扩散通量的计算，定量评估了其对上覆湖水水质的影响，以期为浅水湖泊的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明，墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为：Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb；上覆水和沉积物间隙水中微量重金属浓度剖面均表现出明显相似的峰形分布特征，指示了湖泊沉积物中普遍存在微量重金属的沉积后再迁移现象；Fe和Mn在间隙水中的浓度远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度，其剖面分布特征主要是参与氧化还原反应的结果，Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等的浓度也因受氧化还原过程及矿物平衡作用的影响而波动；微量重金属元素按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散，并最终影响上覆水.     

Vertical Distribution and Inventories of 239,240Pu in Deep Sea Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea (Algerian Basin, Ionian Sea)

Deep-sea sediments collected in two areas of the Mediterranean Sea having different sedimentological characteristics have been analyzed to determine present concentrations and inventories of ^239,240Pu and to study the main mechanisms controlling them. Plutonium distribution in the deepest part of a submarine canyon (Taranto Valley, Ionian Sea) is compared to that obtained in an abyssal plain (north Algerian Plain). in the latter case, sedimentation is mainly due to the sinking of biogenic particles, while in the former lateral transport of terrigenous material along the slope of the canyon can significantly contribute to sediment accumulation on the bottom.

^239,240Pu surface concentration in the canyon ranged from 0.2 to 1 Bq kg^-1 (dry weight) and this was lower in the abyssal plain. in this area, plutonium was detectable only in the first 4 cm, while in the canyon it was present down to 11-15 cm. ^239,240Pu inventories are 3 Bq m^-2 in the plain and 45-60 Bq m^-2 in the canyon, indicating considerable input of terrigenous material towards the final part of the Taranto Valley.     

Gas and Organic Matter in Last Glacial and Holocenic Sediments of Venice Lagoon

Two drills (MBM1* and MBM2) provided at “Bocca di Malamocco” gave environmental and palaeo-environmental information on sedimentation for the last 50,000 years. the MBM2 supplies textural, gas and organic matter studies of sediment and principal ion content of pore water. Two main palaeo-environments, divided in six cycles, are recognized. Marine environment characterizes the sediment above 12.80 metres below sea level (mbsl) and continental environment dominates the sediments below.

The concentration/depth profiles of dissolved ammonia, phosphates and gases are related to the occurrence of a relatively high organic content in the sediment core. Carbon dioxide to methane ratio shows a constant value below 20 mbsl, while above that level only carbon dioxide was detected. A sulphate gradient in the transition zone between the marine to fresh water interval suggests a methane oxidation. These findings indicate that diffusive transport of methane from marine sediments to the atmosphere may be considered minimal. the sedimentary cycles are related to the oxygen isotopic stages. They suggest a variable hydraulic regime occurred during the last Glacial time in the palaeo-plain corresponding to the present Venice lagoon.