Potential and Limitations of Microbial Reductive Dechlorination for Bioremediation Applications

Current knowledge and recent advances in the area of microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds are summarized. Factors which may limit the efficacy of the dechlorination process for the in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and sediment systems are identified. Results of recent studies on the anaerobic biotransformation of soil-sorbed chlorinated ethenes and sediment-sorbed chlorinated benzenes are provided to illustrate how low contaminant bioavailability may control the rate and extent of dechlorination in subsurface systems, especially those with long-term contamination. Use of nonionic, polysorbate surfactants as the sole electron donors of a mixed, methanogenic culture supported the microbial sequential reductive dechlorination of either free or sediment-bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to primarily 1,3-dichlorobenzene, but did not enhance the bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB as compared to microcosms, which used glucose. Because current knowledge on the interactions of dechlorinating populations with other microbial populations in the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, Fe³⁺ , Mn⁴⁺) is limited, such interactions and their effect on the dechlorination process in subsurface systems need to be further explored to improve our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process in complex environmental systems and lead to the development of more efficient in situ bioremediation technologies and strategies.     

Total and Extractable Trace Elements in Lebanese River Sediments: Dry Season Data

Years of political instability have left Lebanon with significant gaps in environmental knowledge. This paper reports new results for trace metals in bed sediments of the river Nahr-lbrahim. The drainage basin of the river Nahr-lbrahim is largely floored by karstified limestone. Metal pollution is operative within the catchment. The objectives of this study were first to identify possible sources of metals (geological and/or anthropogenic) and then to characterise the chemical partitioning of the metals in the sediments. Bed load sediments were sampled at five locations along a 13km stretch from the river mouth, during the dry season. Samples were collected on two dates, dried and then sieved into three mechanical fractions. We report total Fe, Cu, Pb and Zn contents of the <75m sediment fraction for the dry season and interpret the results in terms of geology and point and non-point discharges to the river. Total metal contents were derived from summing the concentrations of metals in the chemical fractions of the sediments. A sequential chemical extraction procedure was applied to the <75m fraction and the data showed that, except for Fe, the carbonate fraction had the largest role in metal sediment deposition.     

受限空间烟气运动盐水模拟研究的现状和展望

回顾了受限空间火灾烟气运动盐水实验模拟研究的发展历史;介绍了盐水实验模拟的理论基础及其在火灾烟气运动研究领域的应用情况和最新进展;分析和讨论了模拟研究过程中所存在的主要问题及其可能的解决方法。所有这些研究和探索,对于受限空间火灾烟气运动盐水实验模拟研究方法的创新和完善有重要的启发作用。     

南京城区路面沉积物中铅污染分析

通过实验研究的方法对南京城区不同位置路面沉积物的粒径以及其中重金属铅的含量进行了分析,结果表明,不同地区道路沉积物中粒径在0.1～0.25 mm的沉积物中铅的含量最高,沉积物中重金属铅的质量比在酸洗条件下为6.35～151.41 mg/kg,消解条件下为7.04～277.85 mg/kg,在中性水浸泡条件下未有铅检出,沉积物中铅的含量与沉积物的粒径有较大的关系,并且遵循粒径越小铅含量越高的规律。与国内其他城市路面沉积物中铅污染的研究结果相比,南京城区的路面沉积物铅污染程度中等。     

杭州湾滨岸潮滩表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

运用气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)法对杭州湾滨岸潮滩表层沉积物样品中的有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)总含量在2.38～17.71 ng·g-1(以干重计,下同)之间,其中,六六六类(HCH)农药含量在0·33～8·75 ng·g-1之间,滴滴涕类农药(DDT)含量在0...     

电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多氯萘的污染水平、分布特征及来源

为了解路桥地区河流沉积物中多氯萘（PCNs）的污染水平、空间分布特征及来源,用GC-NCI-MS法测定了该区38个沉积物样品中PCNs的含量.结果表明,所有沉积物样品中∑PCNs在0.13～350.00ng·g^-1之间,平均值为17.30ng·g^-1.多数样品中主要的同族体为tri-CNs,占10.2%～85.0%...     

长江口及东海近岸表层沉积物中有机氯农药赋存特征

采用GC-ECD对长江口及东海近岸表层沉积物中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了测定.结果表明,OCPs总量在(8.31～52.61)×10-9之间,组分分布特征分析显示,六六六类(HCHs)农药的来源可能与早期土壤的残留或大气远距离输送有关,滴滴涕类(DDTs)污染除了来自早期土壤残留外,近期可能有新的含DDTs...     

云浮Tl污染区水体重金属分布特征及污染评价

对广东云浮黄铁矿Tl污染区地表溪流水和沉积物中Tl、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Cu、Zn的分布特征进行了调查和分析,并采用沉积物基准法、Hakanson潜在生态指数法等方法评估了重金属的环境风险.结果表明,矿区溪流各采样点水体中Tl的含量为0.19～65.25μg/L,均高于国家地表水质量标准(0.1 μg/L);...     

黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,探讨了有机氯农药含量与沉积物粒度、TOC之间以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性,评价了有机氯农药的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng·g-1,其中HCHs与DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ng·g-1和0.05-5.03 ng·g-1.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.沉积物中牯土、TOC、六氯苯、HCHs、九氯、B-硫丹类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.HCHs和六氯苯、反式氯丹、硫丹类农药,氯丹和九氯、硫丹硫酸盐类农药;六氯苯和β-硫丹含量显著相关,很可能具有相似的分布机制和输入来源;而DDTs与其它类农药含量不相关,其分布和来源可能不相同.与沉积物风险评估值对比,黄河表层沉积物中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.     

植穴微宇宙控制技术对盐渍土水盐运移的调控作用

在分析国内外有关盐渍土水盐运移规律研究的基础上,提出一种全新的植穴微宇宙控制技术对盐渍土水盐运移的调控法。文章从微宇宙控制技术的理念出发,以局部植穴微生态的调控方式,将生态结构的主导因子,即生物与其相适应的非生物环境条件为控制要素,在不同的微宇宙结构（植物、无机基质、边缘材料等）和自然因子（地下水矿化度、土壤质地、补水量等）条件下,运用混合均匀设计U12（12×4^4×3^4）,建立人为控制的植穴微宇宙结构和自然因子与水盐动态变化之间的相关数学模型．探求植穴微宇宙在盐土中对水盐运动的调控机理．意在解决局部植穴内微生态系统的平衡与稳定．以点带面推动植穴微宇宙的汇向源斑块的转移．以植穴微宇宙的规模效益实现生态逆境的可持续生态修复。