AQUATIC TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: A study has been conducted for the past two years on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this study were two fold; initially, the amounts of various heavy metals being contributed to the Saddle River by stormwater runoff, rainfall, and individual tributaries, etc., were investigated to better delineate the distribution of various sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment. Secondly, a series of benthal deposits from the Saddle River were analyzed to determine the fate of these metals once introduced into the receiving stream. A mass balance analysis of heavy metals in the Saddle River was performed to determine the amount of these materials contributed from unrecorded sources. The results of this study seemed to demonstrate the importance of considering the potential scouring of river sediments as a secondary source of metals in determinations of this type. The distribution of metals in precipitation samples collected in this study was found to be similar to that in runoff, with lead and zinc predominating. Relative concentrations of metals in precipitation as compared to those of stormwater were relatively insignificant. Metal concentrations of bottom sediments were found to vary considerably from sample to sample.     

我国东部河流沉积物中的多氯联苯

较全面地研究了我国东部自北向南自然条件和社会经济水平各异的１１条主要河流域市区段沉积物样品中多氯联苯的含量，对１４个同系物与混杂于其中的ＤＤＥ进行了测定，以了解我国主要河流城市区段沉积物ＰＣＢＳ的当前污染水平。测试结果表明，９０年代初我国河流沉积物ＰＣＢＳ的一般水平在１０．５－２５．５ｎｇ／ｇ之间，其中含量最多的同系物是２，２’，５．５ＴｅＣＢ，２，２‘，４，５，５’－ＰｅｎｔａＣＢ，２，２‘，３     

Diatomic remains in sediments of Le An River flowing into Po Yang Lake

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Impact of Man’s Activities on a Closed Fishing-Lake,Lake Maryout in Egypt,as a Case Study

Lake Maryout is an important fishing lake lining Alexandria City, Egypt at its southern side. It has no direct connection with the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the landed fish come from its Main Basin (one of the lakes four sub-basins). This basin, area 6000 acres, since the sixties of the last century is suffering from pollution as it receives untreated sewage and industrial effluents from Alexandria City at four hot spots, distributed along the coasts of its eastern half. This has led to a noticeable decline with time in the quantity and quality of the fish catch and to subsequent social and economic problems to the fishermen. In a solution for these problems the government has erected two treatment plants in 1993 to primary treat these waste effluents before discharging into this Main Basin at only two sites. One at a (an old) site lies at its southeast side where one of the plants discharges is indirectly reaching the lake via an agricultural drain while the other plant discharge is directly flowing at a new site lies at the lake northwest side. Obviously the other three old hot spots are completely blocked. Water (on monthly basis) and sediment samples were collected from the Main Basin as well as from the other basins of the lake to study the state of the water quality and level of some priority metal pollutants in addition to organic carbon (org-C) in the sediments of the lake after the erection of the two treatment plants. The results reveal that the water at the (north) eastern side of the Main Basin gets improvement while that in front of the new site at its northwest side becomes polluted and its sediments become enriched with the studied metals (Ag, As, Sb, Cr, Hg, Ni, (Pb), Cd, Zn and Cu). The enrichment was more noticeable for the (spoiled) sediments in front of all the old hot spots in addition to those off the new source. Also, this basin as a whole still shows remarkable high levels of sewage indicating elements including nutrients, organic carbon, fecal coliform, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) simultaneously with noticeable low levels of total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen relative to the other lake basins. The last basins are in healthy conditions as they only fed with agricultural drainage waters free from the treatment plants effluents. The elevated concentrations particularly for the last six studied metals in the sediments are found to be at levels comparable to their corresponding of the median effect-range of Long and Morgan recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), that may have possible effect on bottom fauna and other organisms (including edible fish) live in this polluted basin. This situation makes this important lake basin as a dangerous source for health-hazard fish. Suggested solutions are presented here for rehabilitation of the lake and its sediments. The most accepted ones by the government include diversion of the sources simultaneously with dredging of the spoiled sediments and advanced treatments of the effluents to reuse them for irrigation of reclaimed neighboring desert lands.     

Effects of nature organic matters and hydrated metal oxides on the anaerobic degradation of lindane, p, p '-DDT and HCB in sediments

Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p‘-DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘ -DDT and HCB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p ‘-DDT and HCB were 0.020 d^-1, 0.009 d^-1 and 0.035 month^-1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition ofcarbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB were 0.071 d^1, 0.054 d^-1 and 0.088 month^-1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0.047 d^-, 0.037 d^-1 and 0.066 month^-1 ; in thesediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0.067 d^-1 , 0.059 d^-1 and 0.086 month^-1 . These results indicated that NOMin the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB ; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p ‘-DDT and HCB.     

Metal contamination of riverine sediments below the Avoca mines, south east Ireland

The River Avoca is severely polluted by discharges of acid mine drainage (AMD) from the abandoned sulphur and copper mines at Avoca. The riverine sediments were studied during a low flow period to establish the degree of contamination and to identify the major processes affecting sediment metal concentrations. pH plays a major role in the regulation of zinc adsorption and desorption in sediments, showing a significant correlation (p&0.001). The zinc concentration in the sediment falls below background levels after the input of AMD. However, the metal precipitated when the pH increased downstream of a fertiliser factory (pH8.0), some 7 km below the mine. In contrast Cu and Fe significantly increased (p0.001) both in the sediment (0--30 mm depth) and the surface ochre immediately below the mixing zone. Copper removal appears to be primarily by co-precipitation. Higher sediment enrichment factors for all metals were obtained in the surface sediment layer (ochre) deposited on larger stones and in floc material collected in sediment traps, compared with the subsurface sediment. Cadmium was not recorded in any of the sediment collected at the detection limit used (0.01 g g-1). Metal deposition in the sediments was found to be spacially variable, so sub-sampling is required, although replicates show little variation. Results indicate that short term variation in metal inputs is identified by sampling the surface layer only, whereas sampling of the subsurface layer (<63 m fraction) is more suitable for identifying long-term trends in sediment quality. The implication of sediment analysis in assessing environmental impact is discussed.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物和湖水对四角菱生长的影响

通过人工栽培实验,研究了太湖梅梁湾不同营养状态的沉积物和湖水对浮叶植物四角菱(Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb)生长的影响。研究结果显示,在上覆水相同条件下,营养盐较高的梅梁湾底泥(湖泥)上培养的四角菱生长较好,其生物量高,植株较长,叶柄、叶长和叶宽均大于营养盐较低的岸泥上四角菱相应指标的值;湖泥上的四角菱叶色嫩绿,叶绿素质量分数高于岸泥上四角菱的值;实验后对植株各部分的氮、磷质量分数进行测量,发现湖泥中生长的四角菱吸收了更多的营养物质。梅梁湾湖水对四角菱生长也有一定影响,但不如沉积物明显:沉积物相同时,湖水和自来水条件下四角菱的生物量、株高、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素质量分数和营养物质质量分数等指标的差异均不显著。     

Chromium in intertidal sediments of the Clyde,UK: potential for remobilisation and bioaccumulation

Detailed surveys of intertidal sediments have been performed along the north and south shores of the Inner Clyde estuary, UK. Surface sediment data reveal significant spatial variation in Cr content and an association with major sediment characteristics and location within the estuary. Depth variation for Cr and other heavy metals cannot be explained by variation in major geochemical controls such as grain size and organic matter and highlights the impact of historical contamination on sediment quality. These elevated levels at depth may still have environmental impact through redox-reactivity, in association with iron and manganese. Sequential extraction of sediments and pore water analysis of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) provide detailed information on release potential from the sediments. The implication of Cr mobility for biota in the estuary has been assessed by the analysis of a common marine bivalve, Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel) and a burrowing polychaete, Nereis diversicolor (rag worm) from a number of survey sites. Bioconcentration factors for Mytilus indicate that the weakly held portion of sediment Cr is available for uptake and in the case of Nereis, bioaccumulation appears to be inhibited by sediment organic matter.     

苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏和卵巢还原型谷胱甘肽 含量影响的比较研究

分析了大弹涂肌肉、腮、脏脏、内脏（不含肝脏）以及卵巢等不同器官的还原型谷胱甘肽含量，并以不这原型谷胱甘肽含量较高的肝脏和 卵巢为研究对象，在实验生态条件下，将大弹涂鱼暴露于0，0.05，0.2和0.5mg/L等不同浓度的苯并（a）芘3d，比较这两个器官中还原型谷胱甘肽含量的变化。结果显示，苯并（a）芘肋迫下，大弹 涂鱼肝脏和卵巢还原型谷胱甘肽含量均显著升高（P≤0.05)；表明肝脏和卵巢都是代谢苯并（a）芘的主要器官，还原型谷胱甘肽含量的显著升高表明机体对苯并（a）芘胁迫的适应性反应。     

大型油罐底泥自动清理及资源化处理

分析了型油罐底泥清理及资源化处理系统建设的重要性，介绍国内外常见的油罐自动清理及底泥资源化处理方法和工艺，以及作者所在试验组在这一领域尝试国产化设备开展油罐底泥分离回收污油，达到危险废物减量化和资源化目的的研究的初步成果和体会。