Invasive species change detection using artificial neural networks and CASI hyperspectral imagery

For monitoring and controlling the extent and intensity of an invasive species, a direct multi-date image classification method was applied in invasive species (salt cedar) change detection in the study area of Lovelock, Nevada. With multidate Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral data sets, two types of hyperspectral CASI input data and two classifiers have been examined and compared for mapping and monitoring the salt cedar change. The two types of input data are all two-date original CASI bands and 12 principal component images (PCs) derived from the two-date CASI images. The two classifiers are an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The experimental results indicate that (1) the direct multitemporal image classification method applied in land cover change detection is feasible either with original CASI bands or PCs, but a better accuracy was obtained from the CASI PCA transformed data; (2) with the same inputs of 12 PCs, the ANN outperforms the LDA due to the ANN’s non-linear property and ability of handling data without a prerequisite of a certain distribution of the analysis data.     

Mercury in sediments and vegetation in a moderately contaminated salt marsh (Tagus Estuary, Portugal)

Depth variations of total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were studied in cores from non-colonized sediments, sediments colonized by Halimione portulacoides, Sarcocornia fruticosa and Spartina maritima and belowground biomass, in a moderately contaminated salt marsh (Tagus Estuary, Portugal). Concentrations in belowground biomass exceeded up to 3 (Hg) and 15 (MeHg) times the levels in sediments, and up to 198 (Hg) and 308 (MeHg) times those found in aboveground parts. Methylmercury in colonized sediments reached 3% of the total Hg, 50 times above the maximum values found in non-colonized sediments. The absence of correlations between total Hg concentrations in sediments and the corresponding MeHg levels suggested that methylation was only dependent on the environmental and microbiological factors. The analysis of belowground biomass at high-depth resolution (2 cm) provided evidence that Hg and MeHg were actively absorbed from sediments, with higher enrichment factors at layers where higher microbial activity was probably occurring. The results obtained in this study indicated that the biotransformation of Hg to the toxic MeHg could increase the toxicity of plant-colonized sediments.     

青海尕海盐湖初级生产力特点

１９９７ 年夏季对青海尕海盐湖的生态系统进行了初步研究． 初级生产力研究结果表明：（１） 水域毛初级产氧量平均值为３ ．２７３ｇ ｍ －２ｄ－１ ,其中底栖藻类占７０．９９％ ,底栖藻类单位面积毛初级生产力是浮游植物的２．４５倍．（２） 水域初级生产力构成格局为：由沿岸到湖心区,随着水深的逐步增大,底栖藻类初级生产力逐步减少,浮游植物初级生产力逐渐占主导地位． 前者所占的比例在０．５５ ｍ 水深时为９７．７２ ％ ,在大于１３．０ ｍ 水深后即降至０．０ ％ ．（３）与国际有关文献相比,尕海盐湖初级生产力较低     

石油污染滩涂生物体内TPH分布及健康风险评估

通过研究溢油事故污染区域中典型生物体内TPH（Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons）分布特征,对其进行暴露人体健康风险评估,从而为污染区域的生态系统修复与恢复工作提供指导依据。在研究区域受溢油污染并采取应急处置10个月后,采集了位于4个污染滩涂集中填放区和1个不受污染的对照区内的生物体和沉积物样品,采用紫外分光光度法和荧光分光光度法测得 TPH 含量。结果表明,污染区域中无齿螳臂相手蟹 Chiromantes dehaani）肌肉组织中的 TPH 含量分布范围为2.94~39.63 mg·kg-1,内脏中的TPH含量分布范围为8.62~155.41 mg·kg-1,内脏组织中的TPH含量高于肌肉组织,两者呈显著的相关性（Pearson相关系数r=0.9456）。受潮汐水动力等环境因素的影响,整个研究区域生物体内TPH的累积呈现不连续非均质特征。生物体肌肉和内脏组织中的TPH含量与沉积物中TPH含量具有明显的线性关系（y=283.3 x+100,r2=0.9901;y=60.701 x+100,r2=9038）,溢油事故造成的沉积物污染是影响生物体内TPH累积的一个重要因素。同时,采用US EPA人体暴露风险评价方法进行人体健康风险评估,结果显示,污染区域生物体内TPH经口摄入的暴露风险指数ERI均值均大于1,分别为1.13、1.05、2.58、2.73,暴露风险处于不可接受水平。根据人体健康风险的可接受水平计算得出可接受的无齿螳臂相手蟹体内TPH安全值为34.4 mg·kg-1,进一步计算得出污染区域沉积物中TPH的修复目标值为2513 mg·kg-1。     

江苏盐城原生湿地表层沉积物中的重金属污染评价

通过对江苏盐城盐沼湿地表层沉积物中的Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni等8种重金属元素的分析得出,所测样品指标的平均值除Hg、As和Zn与背景值较接近外,其余重金属元素在沉积物中的含量都高于背景值,Cu的含量为背景值的6倍,属超Ⅱ类沉积物。其次是Cd,以偏中污染为主。运用地累积指数法对8种重金属的污染评价结果为CuCdCrNiPbAsZnHg,且以Cu的污染最为严重。同时,结合粒度分析可知,沉积物在空间分布上的累积强度与粒径大小密切相关,粒径越大,污染程度越小。有植被覆盖的潮滩对重金属的吸附能力明显要高于无植被覆盖的光滩。与近年来的背景值相比,重金属在沉积物中的增加可能与核心区外围经济活动有关。     

盐结皮对土壤有机质和水分积累的影响

以喀什地区典型的盐结皮土壤为例,在不同厚度的盐结皮土壤区域采集不同深度的土壤样品。结果表明:盐结皮越厚的土壤区域,其各层土壤中的盐分含量越高,土壤有机质含量越低,土壤水分含量越高,由此说明,盐结皮不利于土壤有机质的积累,但是却起到一定的保水作用。     

Study on tri-axial creep experiment and constitutive relation of different rock salt

To evaluate the effect of the long-term operation of a salt cavern in a given construction on rock deformation and its stability, tri-axial creep tests to the glauberite, anhydrite, and argillaceous rock salt are conducted, from which the creep curves as well as exponential functions of strain rate during the steady creep stage and creep constitutive equations of different rock salt in the experimental process derived are obtained. The study results show that: (i) Under the same deviatoric stress, the strain rate of argillaceous rock salt is lower than the glauberite and anhydrite, and the difference becomes larger with the increase of the deviatoric stress; (ii) The creep constitutive equations of different kinds of rock salt are in good agreement with the Burgers model, besides which the respective characteristics of these two creep models are compared. The change of creep parameters also illustrates the discrepancy of rock salt. The researching results can provide some references for long-term stability analysis of gas storage in salt caverns.     

Cumulative Impacts of Dock Shading on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> in South Carolina Estuaries

Salt marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and the associated networks of tidal creeks that drain them are characteristic geographical features of southeastern estuaries, important nursery habitat areas, and preferred sites for residential development. As the size of the coastal population increases, so has the number of requests for dock permits. With each new request for a dock permit, public concerns about the cumulative environmental impacts of dock proliferation on the coastal environment have increased. The objective of this particular study was to evaluate the impacts of shading by dock structures on stem densities of S. alterniflora in South Carolina coastal marshes. Shading impacts under individual docks were extrapolated to the tidal creek (local), county, and statewide scales. Dock structures were sampled both under and next to the walkway in the Charleston Harbor area of South Carolina. The density of S. alterniflora under docks was significantly lower than that which occurred next to the docks (i.e., 5 m away) for the short-form, tall-form, and both forms combined. We estimated that shading effects from dock structures in South Carolina decreased the stem density of S. alterniflora by 71%. Dock shading effects were small when evaluated from the perspective of the amount of marsh that occurs within specific tidal creeks (0.03–0.72%), in coastal counties at a maximum dock length (0.01–0.98%), or statewide (0.01–0.13%) at a maximum dock length. However, approximately 7,000 docks have been permitted over the last decade, resulting in a loss of salt marsh equivalent to 60 ha.1Denise M. Sangers present address: Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 1362 McMillan Avenue, Suite 400 Charleston, South Carolina 29405, USA. 2 A. Frederick Hollands present address: Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.     

新疆盐湖旅游开发探讨

盐湖旅游是一种新兴的旅游方式,部分学者虽然在理论体系方面进行了一些研究,但很少有具体开发的实例.结合新疆盐湖区域旅游环境现状,对新疆盐湖的旅游资源和旅游开发进行了综合分析,并提出了旅游开发的构想.     

Does salt marsh fertilization enhance shellfish production? An application of flow analysis

The method of flow analysis, which is similar to economic input-output analysis, is presented as a means of making flow models of ecological systems more useful to environmental managers. This paper considers as an illustration the extent to which nitrogen fertilizer added toSpartina salt marsh sediments can enhance shellfish growth. Nitrogen flow models of both the Barataria Bay salt marsh complex of coastal Louisiana and the Sippewissett Marsh of western Cape Cod are analyzed. The analysis shows the transfer of added nitrogen to shellfish growth viaSpartina growth, decomposition, and detrital feeding to be considerably less efficient than its transfer toSpartina growth itself. These results are similar for both marsh systems, despite their great physical differences and despite the inclusion of considerably more microbial processing of nitrogen in the Barataria Bay model than in the Sippewissett models. The results suggest that the most efficient mechanism by which added nitrogen could enhance shellfish growth in salt marshes may have to bypass the route through theSpartina life cycle.