Assessing human-induced pressures on coastal areas with publicly available data

The assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal area is essential to target management plans effectively, and moreover is required by the EU Water Framework Directive. A simple and cost-effective assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal zone is applied using two methodologies: a qualitative visual assessment which uses satellite images; and a quantitative assessment based on governmental census data. These methods are applied to defined areas (23 areas) of four Italian regions: Liguria, Tuscany, Latium and Sardinia. The results show a high agreement (83%) between these two methods, in which only four of the 23 areas are classified differently. These differences may mainly be ascribed to the qualitative or quantitative properties of the methods, and to the different geographical units adopted. These characteristics however provide complementary information, which suggests that the application of both proposed methods confirms reliability and allows fine-tuning of the assessment. The pressure assessment proposed is simple, time and cost-effective, and repeatable over time and space. It therefore can be applied in different contexts to respond to legislative requirements or to target management plans and remedial actions effectively.     

Remote sensing: Using the spatial domain

Objects in the terrestrial environment interact differentially with electromagnetic radiation according to their essential physical, chemical and biological properties. This differential interaction is manifest as variability in scattered radiation according to wavelength, location, time, geometries of illumination and observation and polarization. If the population of scattered radiation could be measured, then estimation of these essential properties would be straightforward. The only problem would be linking such estimates to environmental variables of interest. This review paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 is an overview of the attempts that have been made to sample the five domains of scattered radiation (spectral, spatial, temporal, geometrical, polarization) and then to use the results of this sampling to estimate environmental variables of interest. Part one highlights three issues: first, that relationships between remotely sensed data and environmental variables of interest are indirect; second, our ability to estimate these environmental variables is dependent upon our ability to capture a sound representation of variability in scattered radiation and third, a considerable portion of the useful information in remotely sensed images resides in the spatial domain (within the relations between the pixels in the image). This final point is developed in Part 2 that explores ways in which the spatial domain is utilized to describe spatial variation in remotely sensed and ground data; to design optimum sampling schemes for image data and ground data and to increase the accuracy with which remotely sensed data can be used to estimate both discontinuous and continuous variables. Part 3 outlines two specific uses of information in the spatial domain; first, to select an optimum spatial resolution and second, to inform an image classification.     

Foraging areas of king penguins from Macquarie Island in relation to a marine protected area

Twenty-three king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from Macquarie Island were tracked by satellite during the late incubation period in 1998–1999 to determine the overlap of the foraging zone of king penguins with an area to be declared a marine protected area (MPA) near the island. While all penguins left the colony in an easterly direction and traveled clockwise back to the island, three penguins foraged in the northern parts of the general foraging area and stayed north of 56°S. The remaining 20 penguins ventured south and most crossed 59°S before returning to the island. The total foraging area was estimated to be 156,000 km² with 36,500 km² being most important (where penguins spent >150 hr in total). North-foraging penguins reached on average 331 ± 24 km from the colony compared to 530 ± 76 km for the south-foraging penguins. The latter traveled an average total distance of 1313 ± 176 km, while the northern foragers averaged 963 ± 166 km. Not only did the penguins spend the majority of their foraging time within the boundaries of the proposed MPA, they also foraged chiefly within the boundaries of a highly protected zone. Thus, the MPA is likely to encompass the foraging zone of king penguins, at least during incubation.     

森林特殊火行为格局的卫星遥感研究

由于多变的天气条件,复杂的地形和植被分布,引起火行为格局的变化,借助GIS和卫星遥感技术,以1987年大兴安岭5．6大火为对策,进行火行为变化规律和火行为的时空格局研究,环境风对火行为具有决定性作用,大风期间火强度极高,过火区为火蔓延的廓道,较大的山脉对林火有阻隔作用,森林采伐改变可燃物连续性,可以改变火行为,人类扑火对大火作用不明显,小地形可产生不同火烧强度的细微结构。     

基于飞机观测的北京地区气溶胶特征

运12飞机和空中国王飞机在2007~2018年的飞机观测资料,分析了北京地区大气气溶胶近12a来的时空变化特征.结果表明,气溶胶数浓度随时间变化显示负增长趋势,而与之相反,气溶胶有效直径表现出正增长趋势.气溶胶垂直廓线的季节变化和气候条件以及边界层的季节变化紧密相关.在边界层高度,季节性气候变化和地面污染物排放强度的影响下,不同季节以及地面天气形势下的气溶胶垂直廓线特征差异也十分明显.气溶胶在边界层内混合均匀,但由于夏季边界层高度较冬季更高,气溶胶能够在更高的高度范围内混合均匀,从而降低了夏季近地面的气溶胶数浓度.此外,气溶胶在550nm的入射波长下散射系数的垂直变化与气溶胶数浓度有较好的一致性,其高值多出现在冬季以及污染物浓度较高的天气条件下.     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

基于多旋翼无人机平台的大气PM2.5垂直结构观测技术

目的设计可用于大气边界层范围的大气污染观测平台。方法使用多旋翼无人机作为载体,集成多种大气污染物和气象要素的便携式检测设备,组建无人机观测平台。通过地面比对实验,保障所搭载的设备数据可靠,通过与大载荷系留气艇平台的垂直比对实验验证平台集成后的数据可靠性。结果对于重点观测指标PM_(2.5)而言,无人机和系留气艇所获取的垂直廓线表现出良好的一致性,各个航次的R2最低值为0.762,多数航次的组内相关系数为0.94以上。在2017年12月18日的案例中,无人机的观测数据表明,早上的大气垂直结构呈现了明显分层,0～200 m高度较为稳定的大气层结阻碍了污染物向上扩散,导致了近地面PM_(2.5)80μg/m~3的较高浓度,而下午的观测数据有助于解释污染消散。结论文中搭建的多旋翼无人机平台可以用于0～1000 m范围内的边界层观测,尽管个别航次数据和系留气艇平台仍存在差异,但现有观测结果已表明,该平台有助于研究人员了解污染事件的发生和消散,可以进一步推广应用。     

基于站点观测和模式模拟的北京市土壤湿度

为了获取全面的地面表层的时空变化信息,研究行政区域尺度内的水循环和能量循环,必需结合模型模拟和站点观测。基于国家气象局开发的时空连续的CLDAS土壤湿度产品,结合已获取的北京市区域内82个监测站点的逐日土壤湿度监测数据,评估CLDAS土壤湿度产品在行政区域尺度内的准确性与一致性,进一步获取北京市行政区域内的精确、全面、连续的土壤湿度时空变化信息,并在此基础上分析北京市土壤墒情时空变异特征。对比分析CLDAS产品和站点观测两种土壤湿度数据显示,北京市2013年10月1日至12月31日范围内CLDAS产品具有以下特点：CLDAS产品基本与观测数据具有一致变化的趋势,除顺义外CLDAS产品均高于观测数据。当日20∶00的土壤湿度均高于8∶00的土壤湿度,在平均气温降为0 ℃后,土壤湿度波动剧烈,20∶00与8∶00的土壤湿度出现显著差异。在时间尺度上,随着降水的减少,北京市的土壤湿度在逐渐降低。在空间尺度上,北京市干旱范围在逐渐扩大,并且呈现以昌平为中心的极旱逐渐蔓延至多个区。由于顺义区土壤相对湿度较高,呈现另外一个以顺义为中心的土壤相对湿度逐渐变小的区域,但空间范围变化较小。     

新建铁路路基斜交超浅埋地铁的变形监控与安全评估

为评估深厚软土地区临近超浅埋地铁施工对盾构的扰动,结合斜交超浅埋地铁的某客运专线桩板结构路基工程,基于"第三方监测"的工程安全监控模式进行施工及试运营期间的安全评估,并研究了各阶段的变形规律及安全敏感因素。研究结果表明:地铁水平位移只出现于桩基施工阶段;沉降变形与收敛变形则贯穿于整个施工与运营阶段,变形值呈"增大—减小—稳定"的趋势;地铁变形中沉降影响最大,收敛变形次之,水平位移最小,且变形极值均小于安全限值,说明地铁结构是安全的;桩板结构有效控制了后续沉降的发生,大大降低了新建客运专线与既有地铁的相互影响。     

城市信号交叉口助动车违法行为特征分析

信号交叉口违法行驶的助动车对行人和其他车辆的安全是极大的威胁,为提出有针对性的解决措施,了解助动车在交叉口的违法特征,利用心理学行为观测与分析的方法,利用视频在国内观测上海市、武汉市和临沂市的3个信号交叉口的助动车行为并进行违法特征研究。研究结果表明:3个交叉口非机动车违法率分别为50%、70%和40%,违法情况非常严重。助动车驾驶员性别、车辆动力特征、交警执法与助动车在交叉口的违法存在相关性,男性助动车骑行者较女性有更高的违法率,燃油/燃气动力助动车骑行者较其他动力类型(电力和人力)有更高的违法率,无交警执法时较有交警执法时助动车更易违法。助动车交通设施、助动车交通法规和管理、助动车骑行者、混行交通条件等因素对助动车交叉口运行安全性有显著的影响。因此,改善交通设施、提高交通管理措施、骑行者安全教育、规范车型是提高交叉口交通安全性的可行措施。