广东2010年5月一周两次暴雨过程的对比分析

2010年5月中旬,广东省在一周之内连续遭受了两次区域性暴雨过程,其频次之高、雨量之多、强度之大为历史同期所少有。对这两次暴雨过程从水汽输送、动力结构、大气稳定度和雷达特征等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程的环流形势及影响系统不同,水汽输送和辐合强弱与暴雨范围有密切关系,降水强度不但受大气不稳定度影响,动力触发更可能是引发强降水的关键因素;产生暴雨的飑线通过吸收合并其移动前方和沿近地层辐合带新生单体得以维持和发展,飑线上的HP型超级单体是产生降水峰值的主要载体。     

桂林地区短时暴雨自动监测预警系统研究

通过制作混合扫描面,调整Z-I关系和自动站雨量校准等方法对多普勒天气雷达估测降水进行了优化,使雷达估测降水误差明显减小。运用交叉相关法、降水算法对雷达反射率因子进行计算,得到了未来1～2 h的定量预测降水。按照暴雨预警信号标准,将估测降水与预测降水累加,可及时获得暴雨预警信号信息,自动生成暴雨预警信号等级分布图,对达到预警信号标准的站点及时通过手机发布暴雨预警信号提示信息。结合多层次地理信息系统,形成了集自动站资料查询、雷达降水监测、临近预测、暴雨预警功能为一体的桂林雷达定量降水监测预警平台,为有效监测预警暴雨引发的山体滑坡、洪涝等气象灾害提供了客观定量依据。     

低空急流暴雨天气概念模型及其雷达回波特征分析

对2002-2010年广西12个急流暴雨个例进行的分析研究表明,广西急流暴雨是在大尺度背景下,由天气系统和中小尺度系统共同影响的结果,当有低空急流存在的情况下,降水量有明显的增幅作用;对天气背景的分析表明,低空急流暴雨天气概念模型主要有低涡急流型和深槽切变急流型以及副高加强急流型。雷达回波主要有块状、带状和絮状三种类型;再通过分析低空急流暴雨过程的雷达回波强度、回波演变、其他产品特征、回波的源地移动、暴雨落区等主要内容,形成低空急流暴雨的短时预报模型。     

基于NDVI的风景区索道建设前后植被覆盖动态变化研究

基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)分析方法,利用黄山风景名胜区新云谷索道建设前(2004年)后(2008年)的2个时相的遥感数据对索道建设区进行植被覆盖动态变化分析。结果表明:新云谷索道建设后周边的植被覆盖和生长情况明显优于建设前,森林生态系统正向演替没有因为工程建设而受到限制,工程建设导致的人工干扰没有使植被遭受明显破坏,研究区植被生态系统的结构与功能没有因索道建设而受到影响。以遥感技术(Remote sensing,RS)为手段的风景区植被指数分析方法在生态环境研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Kinematic planning of slew manoeuvres after actuator failure for low-cost satellites

A kinematic scheme is presented which allows for planning attitude manoeuvres of satellites after actuator failure. The scheme relies on the identification of admissible rotation axes around which the control system can deliver torque components in spite of the failure. Two techniques discussed in the literature, based on a single rotation that either minimizes the angular displacement from a given target attitude or aims a sensor exactly along a prescribed direction, are compared with a new technique based on a two-step approach, which allows for achieving any prescribed attitude by means of a sequence of two feasible rotations. Dynamic simulation is used for analysing potential capabilities and limits of the considered kinematic approaches to manoeuvre planning of under-actuated satellites.     

高原山区星载合成孔径雷达数据与多光谱数据的图像融合探究——以贵州省毕节市为例

为了推动雷达数据在贵州高原山区的应用,针对高原山区的气候与地形特点,基于雷达数据的优势,本文对此类高原山区应用星载雷达数据进行初步探讨。利用TM影像4,3,2波段和雷达SAR数据,通过不同融合方法进行融合,应用标准差、信息熵、相关系数等参数对融合效果进行分析。结果表明:几种方法得到的图像都在不同程度上增强了多光谱图像的光谱信息,同时也增加了雷达数据的纹理信息。其中PC变换能够最好地保持TM数据的多光谱特性,对于植被信息最为突出;HSV变换很好地保留了SAR数据的纹理信息,有利于居民点、建筑物等目标的识别;GS变换增加了图像的可识别度,但降低了整体的清晰程度;Brovey变换效果最差,图像失真较大。     

Estimating water content in an active landfill with the aid of GPR

Landfill gas (LFG) receives a great deal of attention due to both negative and positive environmental impacts, global warming and a green energy source, respectively. However, predicting the quantity of LFG generated at a given landfill, whether active or closed is difficult due to the heterogeneities present in waste, and the lack of accurate in situ waste parameters like water content. Accordingly, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was evaluated as a tool for estimating in situ water content. Due to the large degree of subsurface heterogeneity and the electrically conductive clay cap covering landfills, both of which affect the transmission of the electromagnetic pulses, there is much scepticism concerning the use of GPR to quantify in situ water content within a municipal landfill.Two landfills were studied. The first landfill was used to develop the measurement protocols, while the second landfill provided a means of confirming these protocols. GPR measurements were initially completed using the surface GPR approach, but the lack of success led to the use of borehole (BH) GPR. Both zero offset profiling (ZOP) and multiple offset gathers (MOG) modes were tried, with the results indicating that BH GPR using the ZOP mode is the most simple and efficient method to measure in situ water content. The best results were obtained at a separation distance of 2 m, where higher the water content, smaller the effective separation distance. However, an increase in water content did appear to increase the accuracy of the GPR measurements. For the effective separation distance of 2 m at both landfills, the difference between GPR and lab measured water contents were reasonable at 33.9% for the drier landfill and 18.1% for the wetter landfill. Infiltration experiments also showed the potential to measure small increases in water content.     

COMBINATION OF RADAR AND GAUGE DATA IN A RAINFALL ARCHIVE SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Near real time daily rainfall estimates for the UK are available from three sources: a sparse network of gauges, radar data, or radar data adjusted by the sparse gauges. The PARAGON rainfall archive system, which has been developed by the UK Meteorological Office, is able to produce these estimates in near real time on a 5 km grid. The ability of these estimates to reproduce the 5 km grid point field derived later from a dense network of gauges is compared using case studies. Five techniques have been used to assess the relative quality of the various estimates. There is general agreement between the results of the various techniques. For the London radar there are examples of days when the rainfall estimate was improved by incorporating radar data; conversely, there are days when the radar data make it worse. Overall little evidence was found to suggest that adjusted radar data are consistently markedly better than gauge estimates. Discriminate use of radar data is recommended.     

中国阿牙克库木湖水量变化及其驱动机制

融合卫星雷达测高（T/P、RA-2和Hydroweb）与光学遥感数据分析了一个长时间序列的阿牙克库木湖水位及面积变化趋势,并基于NDSI和监督分类的方法提取了湖泊补给冰川的面积。结果表明：阿牙克库木湖在监测期内逐年扩大,面积由1995年的624 km²逐年扩张到2015年的995 km²,在此期间水位总共上升了5 m。气温升高导致补给冰川持续消融,冰川面积由1994年的361.27 km²退缩到2016年的345.26 km²。区域气候的暖湿化是1995-2015年阿牙克库木湖水量增加的主要背景,流域降水量的增加对湖泊水位上升产生直接驱动,持续升高的气温导致的补给冰川消融对湖泊扩张具有重要的促进作用。此外,最大可能蒸散、高海拔降水（雪）、冻土融化等因素也对湖泊的扩张产生重要影响。总之,准确掌握阿牙克库木湖的水量及其对气候变化的响应,对深刻理解青藏高原北部边缘的水资源平衡研究具有重要意义。     

山西北部一次飑线大风的多普勒雷达特征

利用山西省北部大同地区多普勒雷达的基本反射率因子、组合反射率因子、速度剖面图、垂直液态含水量、回波顶及VWP产品,结合环流形势和自动站分钟数据资料,对2010年6月16日发生在大同地区的飑线天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:这次飑线过程发生在高中低三层的冷涡环流形势和地面冷锋前的暖区;飑线过境时压、风、温三要素出现剧烈变化;研究极大风速≥16.8 m.s-1的台站时发现:飑线过境时两个站出现的速度极大值与外流边界的影响时间相吻合,四个站出现的速度极大值与强回波下沉气流影响时间相对应;冷涡携带的冷空气使飑线后部入流不断得到补充,而前侧暖湿气流沿着后部入流爬升,不断产生新的单体,是飑线能够维持、发展的主要原因。