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41.
42.
电极构型对空气阴极生物燃料电池发电性能的影响 总被引:10,自引:5,他引:5
在空气阴极生物燃料电池(ACMFC)中,从阴极扩散进入阳极的氧气能够被兼性微生物作为电子受体还原,进而导致电子损失严重.本研究利用葡萄糖作底物,对2种不同电极构型的空气阴极生物燃料电池ACMFC1和ACMFC2的功率输出和电子回收进行了比较研究.结果表明,ACMFC1的内阻为302.14Ω,阳极电位为-323mV,最大功率密度为3 070 mW/m3;ACMFC2的内阻为107.79Ω,阳极电位为-442mV,最大功率密度达到9 800 mW/m3.在间歇条件下,ACMFC2可以连续运行220h,电子回收率为30.1%;而ACMFC1只能运行不到50h,电子回收率为9.78%.因此,合理的设计空气阴极生物燃料电池电极构型可以减小内阻,增大电池电动势进而增大功率输出,提高电子回收率. 相似文献
43.
Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in oligotrophic versus eutrophic culture: models and ultrastructure
Populations of marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii were grown in continuous cultures enriched with f/2 medium. One of the two contrasting cultures (‘eutrophic’) received 5.6 times more nutrients than the other (‘oligotrophic’). Two mathematical models are analyzed to estimate eutrophication differences. The second model based on the Michaelis–Menten uptake and Droop growth shows that cells in the eutrophic culture should have about 56% higher content of silica which is the limiting nutrient. Diatom samples were prepared for the transmission electron microscopy after cells have been kept in chemostats for 37 days. The structure of diatom cells was investigated and a comparison is made between cells grown in oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. In eutrophic culture, dividing cells were encountered more frequently while cell concentration was approximately equal in both chemostats. The central vacuole of cells in eutrophic culture accumulated dispersed and compact material from amorphous to spherical shape. In some cells the large central vacuole had fibrilar and peppered dense materials in addition to translucent granules, vesicules and multivesicular bodies. In the cytoplasm we found increased number of multivesicular bodies, dense and lucent granules some of which enclose membrane particles and lucent vesicules. Dense material depositions observed in the vacuole are also seen in the cytoplasm associated with organelles, mitochondria and plasmalemma. Cells have well-developed, active and slightly increased number of dictyosomes (5–6). Some dictyosomes with dense secretory material in the cistern are apparently engaged in a granule formation process. Functional significance of dense material in the central vacuole, which has not been observed in cells grown in oligotrophic condition, is discussed. 相似文献
44.
Esteban?Fernández-JuricicEmail author Alex?Kacelnik 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,55(5):502-511
We assessed experimentally how the quality and quantity of social information affected foraging decisions of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at different neighbour distances, and how individuals gained social information as a function of head position. Our experimental set up comprised three bottomless enclosures, each housing one individual placed on a line at different distances. The birds in the extreme enclosures were labelled senders and the one in the centre receiver. We manipulated the foraging opportunities of senders (enhanced, natural, no-foraging), and recorded the behaviour of the receiver. In the first experiment, receivers responded to the condition of senders. Their searching rate and food intake increased when senders foraged in enhanced conditions, and decreased in no-foraging conditions, in relation to natural conditions. Scanning was oriented more in the direction of conspecifics when senders behaviour departed from normal. In the second experiment, responses were dose dependent: receivers increased their searching rate and orientated their gaze more towards conspecifics with the number of senders foraging in enhanced food conditions. In no-foraging conditions, receivers decreased their searching and intake rates with the number of senders, but no variation was found in scanning towards conspecifics. Differences in foraging and scanning behaviour between enhanced and no-foraging conditions were much lower when neighbours were separated farther. Overall, information transfer within starling flocks affects individual foraging and scanning behaviour, with receivers monitoring and copying senders behaviour mainly when neighbours are close. Information transfer may be related to predation information (responding to the vigilance of conspecifics) and foraging information (responding to the feeding success of conspecifics). Both sources of information, balanced by neighbour distance, may simultaneously affect the behaviour of individuals in natural conditions.Communicated by H. Kokko 相似文献
45.
投加颗粒活性炭强化餐厨垃圾的厌氧处理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过投加颗粒活性炭(GAC)强化直接种间电子传递(DIET)进而提升餐厨垃圾的厌氧产甲烷处理效能,并研究了GAC投加导致的微生物群落变化.研究发现,投加了GAC的实验组反应器能够在更高的有机负荷下(10.4kgCOD/(m3·d))稳定运行并维持较高的甲烷产率,不投加GAC的对照组在有机负荷7.8kgCOD/(m3·d)时甲烷产率及pH值均明显降低,挥发酸大量积累,反应器酸化崩溃.微生物群落结构分析发现,GAC表面富集了大量可以胞外电子传递的细菌(占细菌丰度的34%)和可以参与DIET的产甲烷菌(占古菌丰度的88%),表明GAC的加入可以有效富集这两类微生物的生长,并可能通过GAC强化DIET促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化. 相似文献
46.
47.
48.
COD/TP比及NO_2~--N/TP对短程反硝化聚磷的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
污水中COD/TP比和NO2--N/TP比对A/A/OSBR反硝化聚磷工艺运行有重要的影响。实验结果表明:随着COD/TP比值的增加,厌氧释磷增加、厌氧释磷速率提高。但当COD/TP比值为28.5时,过剩的碳源进入缺氧段,反硝化菌利用外碳源消耗,抑制了缺氧吸磷过程;当COD/TP比值为21时,合成的PHB不足,缺氧吸磷效率下降,而且长期在较低COD/TP比条件下运行,激发了聚糖菌与聚磷菌的竞争,聚磷菌处于竞争的劣势,反硝化聚磷能力最终消失;当COD/PO43--P为25时,短程反硝化聚磷效果最佳。NO2--N/TP比与COD/TP的比值相关联,在COD/TP=25的条件下,合适的NO2--N/TP比为3。当NO2--N/PO43--P为5时,SBR上一周期剩余的NO2-会影响厌氧释磷过程。当NO2--N/TP为1.8时,NO2-不足,会使反硝化聚磷过程不完全。 相似文献
49.
聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h). 相似文献
50.
为降低柴油机颗粒物排放,探讨了柴油机燃用柴油/碳酸二甲酯混合燃料燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征的变化规律. 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和SAXS(同步辐射小角X射线散射)相结合的方法,针对DMC(碳酸二甲酯)添加量(以w计)对柴油机燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征参数的影响规律进行了研究. 结果表明:与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10〔w(DMC)为10%〕、D20〔w(DMC)为10%〕燃烧颗粒的碳粒子平均层面间距分别增加了5.3%、15.1%,弯曲度平均值分别增加了4.0%和10.3%,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性增加;与柴油相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数分别增加了0.44和0.52,下限均升高了0.2,SAXS与电镜图像对燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数的分析结果相一致,即质量分形维数随DMC添加量的增加而升高,表明燃烧颗粒的团聚程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒表面分形维数的下限分别升高了0.1和0.2,表明其燃烧颗粒表面的粗糙程度和不规则程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的活化能分别降低了3.9和7.9 kJ/mol,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性随着DMC添加量的增加而增强,验证了燃烧颗粒微观尺寸结构和分形特征的研究结果. 研究显示,柴油中添加DMC能够提高燃烧颗粒的氧化活性,燃烧颗粒的氧化活性越强,其在后处理过程中就越易被氧化,有助于降低柴油机的颗粒物排放. 相似文献