上海郊区家庭妇女PM2.5重金属组分暴露水平、来源与健康风险

为了解上海市郊区家庭妇女大气PM_(2.5)及重金属组分的呼吸暴露水平和潜在健康风险,于2017年2月至2018年6月使用SKC个体采样泵对松江区143位研究对象开展个体暴露监测,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(ED-XRF)测定PM_(2.5)中13种无机元素的质量浓度.利用PMF源解析技术和美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对Ni、V、Cr、Mn、As和Pb的来源和暴露风险进行分析.结果表明,家庭主妇PM_(2.5)的年日均暴露浓度为40. 61μg·m-3,普遍高于周边环境监测站点的PM_(2.5)平均水平.Cr(Ⅵ)和As的致癌健康风险超过了可接受水平(10-6); V、Cr(Ⅵ)、Mn、Ni和As的非致癌风险处于安全水平,但5种元素的非致癌风险加和超出了安全阈值( 1). PM_(2.5)中10种无机元素(Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、As和Pb)的主要来源包括扬尘与室内源混合源(43. 8%)、工业冶炼尘(34. 6%)、燃煤(14. 5%)和燃油(7. 2%).根据源类的健康风险评价结果,应进一步加强工业冶炼和化石燃料燃烧综合防控.     

不确定背景值下浅水湖泊沉积物重金属生态风险评价

基于安徽某湖泊沉积物柱状样重金属实测含量,研究了各类重金属的垂向变化趋势及来源;采用拉丁超立方抽样方法随机产生已知范围内的重金属背景值,计算沉积物重金属综合潜在生态风险水平,研究其结果不确定性,评价湖泊沉积物重金属污染程度.结果表明,沉积物重金属的含量及综合潜在生态风险水平沿深度方向呈逐渐降低的趋势,上层沉积物存在较高的综合潜在生态风险;不确定性评价方法可以在沉积物垂向上得到沉积物重金属综合潜在生态风险水平的包络面,不确定性的结果可以给出综合潜在生态风险超出风险阈值的可信度和特定置信度下的综合潜在生态风险指数置信区间;90%置信度下两个沉积物采样点上层重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）的置信区间分别为340.08~412.89和271.61~327.67,处于重度综合潜在生态风险水平阈值附近的评价结果让不同风险偏好的决策者在面临修复、清淤等决策时可以做出符合自身预期的决策.     

南方丘陵区河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

采样分析南方丘陵山区瓯江、钱塘江、闽江、九龙江沉积物中重金属含量,并对其来源及生态风险进行研究.结果显示,沉积物中Mn、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、V在九龙江有较高浓度,Ni、Cu在钱塘江浓度最高,Cr、Sb在瓯江浓度最高,而Al、Co和V的最高浓度分布在闽江.但重金属含量空间差异不显著.SQGs、Igeo和EF评价显示,Cd在研究区沉积物中污染最为严重,呈中度至重度污染,其次是Mn、Zn、Pb,其在研究区部分地区存在轻度污染,其他重金属处于无污染状态.RI评价显示,研究区河流沉积物存在极高重金属潜在生态风险,尤其是Cd.相关分析和PCA分析显示,Zn、As、Cd、Pb来自于自然过程、矿业开采及农业生产过程,Cr、Ni、Sb来自于工业生产过程产生废水,Al、Co和V来自于自然过程,而Cu则来源于混合源.pH值、TP、TN和LOI是影响水体中重金属含量的重要因子.本研究为河流生态系统的健康和保护提供重要依据.     

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxide-modified biochar composite (MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity, enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%, as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36?g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1?L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic- and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3?g dose of MBC that is 0.12?g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

Water incubation-induced fluctuating release of heavy metals in two smelter-contaminated soils

The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.     

阳澄湖沉积物重金属空间分布及生物毒害特征

为了解阳澄湖沉积物重金属含量空间分布及污染特征,选取阳澄湖柱状沉积物样为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）、原子荧光光谱仪（AFS）和Hydra-c型全自动测汞仪于2018年2月对阳澄湖15个采样点沉积物柱状样中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg进行测定,分析重金属元素含量在水平及垂向的分布特征和污染状况.结果表明,阳澄湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg平均含量分别为101.28,68.72,66.54,187.33,15.85,0.45,34.02,0.09mg/kg,是各自背景值的1.34,2.09,2.89,2.88,1.69,4.99,1.54,3.00倍.垂向上重金属的含量随着深度的增加呈现出下降的趋势.对8种重金属进行相关分析和聚类分析,除As、Ni和Hg外,不同重金属之间存在着显著相关关系（P<0.05）,这说明阳澄湖沉积物重金属之间存在着一定的同源性.采用沉积物质量基准（SQG）对阳澄湖沉积物中重金属生物毒性效应进行了评价,结果表明,阳澄湖沉积物中Ni有75%以上的可能性出现生物毒害效应,Cr、Cu、Zn、As则有10%~75%的可能性产生生物毒害效应,而Cd、Pb和Hg造成的生物毒害效应的可能性较小.ERMQ评价结果表明,阳澄西湖沉积物中重金属造成生物毒害的风险较大,其余湖区发生重金属生物毒害的风险较小.     

页岩气开采钻井固体废物的污染特性

选取重庆某地区3个页岩气田作为研究对象,研究了5个钻井平台页岩气开采过程中废水基和油基钻井岩屑中重金属、多环芳烃（PAHs）和石油烃的污染特性.结果表明,两类钻井岩屑中Ba元素平均含量明显高于其他重金属,废水基钻井岩屑的重金属以Zn、Ba、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb为主,废油基钻井岩屑中的重金属以Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba、As、Cr为主且Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》（GB5085.6-2007）标准限值.废水基和油基钻井岩屑中PAHs的范围分别为1.74~14.8mg/kg和302~595mg/kg,均未超过GB5085.6-2007标准限值.废油基钻井岩屑石油烃含量为112~213g/kg,远超GB5085.6-2007标准限值.同时,废水基和油基钻井岩屑中BaP超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB15618-2018）标准限值;废油基钻井岩屑中部分PAHs（BaP、BbF、BkF、DahA）浓度超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB36600-2018）中筛选值,岩屑中石油烃含量远超管制值.     

基于PMF-PCA/APCS与PERI的菏泽油用牡丹种植区表层土壤重金属潜在来源识别及生态风险评估

研究特色农产品产区土壤重金属来源及其潜在风险,对科学管理、安全利用土壤和作物资源具有重要意义.以菏泽油用牡丹种植区为研究对象,采集并测定了254件表层土壤样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属的含量.采用多元统计法分析了重金属的含量特征及相关性,利用地累积指数（I_geo）、正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数法（PCA/APCS）相结合的手段解析了表层土壤中重金属的来源,借助潜在生态风险指数（PERI）对该8种重金属的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,土壤中除Cd元素的平均值高于菏泽市背景值1.44倍之外,其余7种重金属的平均含量均与菏泽市土壤元素背景值基本一致;经相关分析和聚类分析,土壤中Pb、Hg和Cd元素受后期人为活动的干扰影响较大;研究区8种重金属的来源为自然源、农业化肥源、工业燃煤源和生活交通源,贡献率分别为81.31%、15.45%、2.74%和0.50%;研究区84.25%的点位处于轻微生态风险,而中度风险和强风险点位占比分别为14.96%和0.79%,其中Cd和Hg是研究区生态风险主导元素.     

湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属分布特征、来源解析及潜在生态风险评价

水源地土壤环境质量状况关乎其流域内居民生命健康安全,是生态环境保护研究中的热点科学问题.选择湘东北典型河源区,采集表层土壤样品共87件,通过GIS技术和潜在生态风险指数法研究了土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As）的空间分布特征和潜在生态风险,并采用多元统计分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型解释了其可能来源和贡献率.结果表明：①湘东北典型河源区土壤呈酸性,土壤重金属ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）和ω（As）平均值分别为0.20、41.07、130.51、0.29和11.63mg ·kg^-1,对标背景值,除As外均有富集;②土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险为中等风险等级,其中Cr、Pb和As为轻微风险等级,Cd和Hg均为强风险等级;③土壤Cd和Pb具有同源性,主要来源于农业活动,Cr和As受生活垃圾排放和自然母质的双重影响,Hg主要来源于化石燃烧及交通运输;④生活垃圾排放源、自然母质源、化石燃烧及交通运输源和农业活动源对湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属的贡献率分别为21.36%、35.92%、19.30%和23.42%,人为源贡献率大于自然源.研究结果对湘东北典型河源区的污染防治、生态修复和美丽乡村建设具有参考价值.