Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River,Port Harcourt,Nigeria

The distribution of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River, Nigeria was evaluated togetherwith the partitioning of their chemical species between fivegeochemical phases. Samplings were made in five zones at the lower reaches of the New Calaber River. All the trace metals were determined by AAS after selective chemical extractions andconcentrations given in g gm^-1 (dry weight basis). The average totalconcentrations found for trace metals in the sediment were (mean ± rsd.) Pb: 41.6 ± 0.29, Zn: 31.60 ± 0.42, Cd: 12.80 ± 0.92, Co: 92 ± 0.25, Cu: 25.5 ± 0.65 and Ni: 3.2 ± 0.25. Maxima and minima concentrations are inconsistent with previous studies in other rivers of this region. Spatial distribution revealed that the sources of trace metals into theriver appeared to be of non-point. Five contamination indices were applied in studying the partitioning of the trace metals inthe sediment. These indices provided bases for ascertaining the potential environmental risk of trace metals in the river system.The results denote high partition levels in the more mobile andmore dangerous phases.     

HEAVY METALS AND SELENIUM IN GREBE EGGS FROM AGASSIZ NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA

Metal levels in eggs can often be used as an indicator of exposure and of potential effects. In previous work at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Minnesota, the levels of several heavy metals were shown to be significantly higher in the eggs of eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) compared to those in the eggs of Franklin’s gulls (Larus pipixcan), black-crowned nightherons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, except for mercury). In the present study we test the hypothesis that there are no differences in the levels of heavy metals in eggs of three species of grebes nesting at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (1997, 1999). There were significant differences in levels of selenium, manganese and mercury in the eggs of the grebes collected in 1997, with pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) having significantly higher levels of manganese and mercury, and significantly lower levels of selenium, than eared or red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena). In 1999, pied-billed grebes had significantly higher levels of mercury, but lower levels of selenium and tin than the other species. The only pattern that was significant and consistent among yearswas selenium; in both years pied-billed grebes had lower levels than the other species. For eared grebes, there was a decline from 1997 to 1998, and again to 1999 for arsenic, cadmium, and selenium. Levels of mercury in the eggs of grebes were not as high, however, as those found in cormorants or night-herons sampled in 1994 at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge. There were few consistent patterns in the relationships among metals in eared grebe eggs (with the largest sample sizes). The possible reasons for the high levels of some metals in eggs of grebes are unknown, but presumably egg levels represent exposure on the wintering grounds or migratory routes. In comparison to eggs of other birds: 1) the mean levels for manganese were at the high end of the range, and the mean was an order of magnitude higher than the median for the studies examined, 2) mean levels were above the median in the eggs of other birds for lead (red-necked grebe), mercury (pied-billed grebe) and selenium (eared and red-necked grebe).     

颗粒态重金属通过河流与大气向海洋输送

本文综述了河流与大气向海洋输送颗态重金属的过程、特点及输送通量、参考文献８３篇。     

Thermodynamic analysis of the role of chlorine and sulfur environments during combustion and incineration processes

 In order to control the emission of trace metals from combustion and incineration systems, sorbents and filters are sometimes used. However, the effectiveness of these methods is greatly affected by the volatility of the metals and the way in which they speciate during combustion, and afterwards during condensation, and physical or chemical sorption. Although there has been a lot of research into the mechanisms by which trace metals speciate and subsequently appear in submicron particles, the details of these mechanisms are not yet thoroughly understood. In this study, a chemical equilibrium approach was used to qualitatively determine the speciation of lead, cadmium, and chromium in Cl and S environments. The reaction conditions of sorbents were also tested numerically in order to understand the reaction behavior of metals with sorbents. This article reports the influence of different concentrations of Cl and SO₂ on Pb, Cd, and Cr speciation, as representatives of other trace elements. The partitioning behavior of metals during combustion was also examined for Cl and S. The results obtained indicate that most metals exist in the vapor phase, even at low temperatures, when chlorine is present. However, the addition of SO₂ enhances the formation of the condensed phase, except at extremely high temperatures. This observation was not significant for Cd or Cr. The higher the concentration of Cl the higher the retention of trace metals in the vapor phase, even at low temperatures. Results from comparisons of the reactivities of mixed metals with Cl indicate that the presence of Fe limits the reactivity of most trace metals with Cl except at higher concentrations. In the presence of Fe, alkali metals are the first to react with Cl. If Fe is not present, most trace metals react with Cl, and the activity increases with higher concentrations. On the other hand, the partitioning characteristics of S show that its presence generally means that metals remain in the condensed phase. Sulfur is more reactive with alkali metals than with other trace metals. Received: June 6, 2001 / Accepted: April 30, 2002     

SELECTED NUTRIENTS AND HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM NEW JERSEY POTWs1

ABSTRACT: In order to determine appropriate application rates and to ensure low pollutant levels in sewage sludge, knowing the chemical composition of sewage sludge is of great importance in a land application program. The objective of this study is to evaluate the variability of selected chemical characteristics of sewage sludge from New Jersey publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Measurements of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH₄⁺‐N, P, K⁺, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn reported by 98 facilities in the 1996 and 1997 New Jersey Sludge Quality Assurance Regulations (SQAR) reports were statistically analyzed. Sewage sludge from Category 5 POTWs (greater than 10 percent industrial input) showed higher Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations than Category 3 and Category 4 facilities (less than 10 percent industrial input). Even though only two years of data were analyzed, there was an indication that Cd and Pb concentrations in sewage sludge are decreasing with time. The yearly mean of only a few facilities exceeded the federal pollution concentration limits (40 CFR Part 503, Table 3). Phosphorus and Cd values showed the highest variability within facilities based on the coefficient of variation. Due to the variability of sewage sludge constituents, the use of the yearly rolling mean of nutrient concentrations to determine application rates was considered inadequate. An actual analysis of the sewage sludge to be applied is more appropriate to determine application rates than historical data.     

农田-泥炭藓系统重金属富集特征与生态风险评价

为了解贵州省都匀市毛尖镇高寨水库附近土壤重金属污染现状和农田泥炭藓对重金属的富集能力和重金属的污染来源,选取了该区域附近的农田泥炭藓为研究对象,测定了泥炭藓及表层土壤中重金属含量;采用空间分析和多元统计分析方法对重金属进行污染评价及来源分析.结果表明,表层土壤和农田泥炭藓中的重金属含量排序分别为:V＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞...     

基于Monte-Carlo模拟的湖南省典型工厂周边农田土壤重金属区域潜在生态风险特征及来源解析

为探究湖南省典型工厂周边农田土壤重金属的污染特征、生态风险和来源,以氟化工厂、皮革工厂和电镀工厂为研究对象,分析其周边农田土壤中8种重金属的污染特征,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数对重金属污染进行评估和风险评价,利用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析对重金属污染来源进行解析,利用Monte-Carlo模型对于区域生态风险进行概率风险评估.结果表明,土壤中主要污染元素为Cd和Zn,其均值为背景值的4.46和2.73倍;3个典型工厂周边土壤中Zn处于轻度污染水平,氟化厂周边土壤中Cd处于偏中度污染水平;典型工厂周边土壤中重金属主要来自自然源、工业活动源（“三废”排放、矿产挖掘、金属冶炼等活动）和交通源.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,氟化厂周边土壤中重金属污染的生态风险处于高风险等级,皮革厂和电镀厂生态风险处于较高风险等级,Cd是主要贡献元素.Monte-Carlo概率生态风险评价结果降低了确定性评价的不确定性,可为区域实现精准风险管控提供科学依据.     

银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构及其对重金属的响应关系

湖泊湿地是极其重要而又特殊的生态系统,在区域水资源调蓄、环境保护和生物多样性维持等方面具有重要意义.沉积物细菌是湖泊生态系统重要的组成部分,是湖泊生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.为探明银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌的群落结构及其影响因素,选取银川市3个典型湖泊（阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖）为研究对象,于2021年1月、4月、7月和10月采集表层沉积物,应用16S rDNA高通量测序技术研究沉积物细菌群落组成,并探究其与重金属之间的响应关系.结果表明,银川市3个典型湖泊沉积物重金属生态危害系数远小于40,生态危害指数远小于150,危害程度均为生态轻微危害.3个湖泊的细菌群落多样性无显著差异,但各湖泊不同季节多样性有显著变化,群落组成也存在显著差异.阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖的优势种菌门（相对丰度排名前3）均为：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,优势下级阶元为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）和δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）.银川市典型湖泊门水平分类上出现的主要差异物种为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.阅海湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、As和Pb显著相关,鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Fe、Pb和Cr显著相关,犀牛湖沉积物细菌群落结构与重金属相关关系不显著.沉积物重金属的种类和含量对银川市阅海湖和鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构有显著影响,是引起湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构变化的重要环境因子.     

城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染研究进展与展望

随着城市化和工业化的不断推进,城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染日趋严重,对城市环境和人类健康构成威胁,已成为国内外城市环境研究的热点问题.从重金属污染水平及其时空特征、污染源解析方法、生态和健康风险这3个主要方面,对国内外城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属研究成果进行了梳理和归纳.分析了当前研究存在的不足,并对未来研究进行了展望,即研究土壤和地表灰尘重金属在不同条件下的相互影响机制,通过丰富验证方法加强重金属来源解析模型结果的可靠性研究,加强来源驱动下重金属化学形态差异和地表灰尘短期累积污染过程的研究,完善暴露参数并深入探究重金属的化学形态对其生态和健康风险的影响,以提高风险预测水平.     

基于Meta分析的蚯蚓堆肥对堆肥质量和重金属的影响效应

为了综合评估蚯蚓堆肥在不同控制条件下堆肥质量和重金属的转化规律,综述了109篇文献,通过Meta分析定量探讨了蚯蚓种类、预堆肥时间、通风方式、初始C/N、初始pH和初始含水率对提高蚯蚓堆肥质量和降低重金属毒性方面的影响.结果表明,以上6分组因子均显著影响堆肥的质量和重金属毒性.经过蚯蚓堆肥后,以下营养指标含量显著增加：NO₃^--N（116.2%）、TN（29.1%）、TP（31.2%）和TK（15.0%）;而NH₄⁺-N含量（-14.8%）和C/N（-36.3%）显著降低;同时也显著降低了最终堆肥中Cu和Cr总量及其生物有效性.综合考虑不同分组因子对堆肥质量和重金属影响的显著程度,若堆肥以促进腐熟和富集营养元素为目的,则建议堆体物料的初始含水率调节为70%~80%、C/N为30~85和pH为6~7,并进行0~15 d的预堆肥,通风方式采用自然放置方法;若以削弱物料中重金属危害为主要目的,则建议调节物料初始含水率为50%~60%、C/N小于30和pH为7~8,不进行预堆肥,定时翻堆,引用Eudrilus eugeniae种类进行蚯蚓堆肥.