铝炭微电解去除废水中六价铬的可行性研究

以铝屑和活性炭微粒为原料,采用铝炭微电解的处理方法对重金属废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效果进行了研究,考察了反应时间、铝炭质量比、初始pH值、震荡速度、震荡时间等因素对Cr（Ⅵ）离子去除效果的影响.采用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积分析仪（BET）、X射线能量色散谱仪（EDS）和电子能谱仪（XPS）等测试手段,研究铝炭微电解反应前后铝屑和活性炭的表面物理形貌及物质组成的变化,分析铝炭微电解原理.结果表明,影响Cr（Ⅵ）离子去除效果的影响因素的主次为：初始pH值 > 震荡速度 > 铝炭质量比 > 震荡时间,得到最佳处理条件为：初始pH值为3.0,铝炭质量比为2：1,震荡速度为150r/min,震荡时间为40min,在该条件下Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率可达95.40%.实验证明,以铝炭微电解法替代纯铝的直接还原法或铁炭微电解法可以大大提高对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率.Cr（Ⅵ）的主要去除机理是在微电解过程中炭阴极通过还原作用将Cr（Ⅵ）还原为Cr（Ⅲ）.     

植物基因工程修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染植物修复技术应用广泛,但超富集植物的寻找耗时费力,现存超富集植物通常生长缓慢、生物量低、地域限制较大,导致植物修复效果不能达到预期.基因工程在植物修复中的应用,为提高植物修复土壤重金属污染的效率提供了新的思路.通过综述基因工程强化植物修复土壤重金属污染的研究进展,着重关注植物修复关于重金属转运、储存、解毒过程的调控过程,主要包括:①控制植物体内重金属由胞外运移至胞内的关键基因,主要有锌铁调控蛋白、黄色条纹样蛋白、天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白,作为载体参与重金属在植物体内的不同组织的转运.②改变重金属在细胞内储存位置、提高植物耐受能力的关键基因,主要调控ATP结合盒转运器、阳离子扩散促进器和P_1B型ATPases,通过增强植物对重金属的区隔化能力来实现储存功能.③降低重金属对植物毒害作用的关键基因,主要调控植物体内植物络合素、金属硫蛋白的大量合成,并络合重金属形成螯合物.根据植物基因对重金属超耐性和超富集的作用机制,建议后续研究可利用基因工程向目标植物导入相关功能基因,使其在目标植物中高效表达,并在实际环境中进行植物生长测试应答机制,最终更好地调控植物体内重金属含量平衡关系,以克服超富集植物与环境适配性差的缺陷.      

Distribution and relationship between antimicrobial resistance genes and heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China

Heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other wastes released into the environment can significantly influence environmental antibiotic resistance. We investigated the occurrence of 22 antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs) and 10 heavy metal concentrations, and the relationship between ARGs and heavy metals in surface sediment from seven sites of Lake Taihu. The results showed significant correlations(p 0.05) between sediment ARG levels,especially for tetracycline and sulfonamides(e.g., tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), tet(O), sul1, sul2 and int-1) and specific heavy metals(Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, among others) in the Lake. In the surface sediments, heavy metals showed an interaction with resistance genes, but the strength of interaction was diminished with increasing depth. For most of the heavy metals, the concentration of elements in the top sediments was higher than that in other depths.Tetracycline resistance genes(tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(E) and tet(O), β-lactam resistance genes(SHV, TEM, CTX, OXA and OXY) and sulfonamide resistance genes(sulA, sul1, sul2, sul3 and int-1) were detected. They showed a trend which inferred a statistically significant increase followed by decreases in the relative abundance of these ARGs(normalized to 16 S rRNA genes) with increasing depth. This study revealed that tet(A), tet(O), TEM, OXY, int-1, sul1 and sul3 were widespread in surface sediments with high abundance, indicating that these genes deserve more attention in future work.     

下垫面高度梯度对城市灰尘分布特性及其重金属污染的影响

下垫面高度梯度对城市颗粒污染物的地球化学循环有重要的影响,不同高度下垫面上累积的灰尘可能对城市地表径流与大气颗粒物污染有重要指示作用.本文以不同高度梯度的下垫面,如路面(0 m)、公交站台(3 m)、天桥(5 m)、楼顶(20 m)上的灰尘为研究对象,揭示高度梯度对灰尘颗粒物单位面积质量、粒径组成、重金属含量和粒径污染负荷比的影响.结果表明,随着高度梯度变化,不同下垫面上灰尘颗粒物的单位面积质量之间存在显著差异(p0.05):路面((33.0±27.1)g·m~(-2))楼顶((20.6±11.7)g·m~(-2))天桥((4.4±4.0)g·m~(-2))公交站台((2.3±1.4)g·m~(-2));高度梯度对细灰尘(粒径105μm)的质量比的影响为:公交站台(49.5%)楼顶(40.8%)路面(38.6%)天桥(37.6%);6种重金属在不同高度下垫面的含量不同,其中,Cr、Cu和Ni在公交站台含量最高,Cd和Pb在楼顶含量最高,6种金属(除Cu外)均在路面含量最低.细灰尘(105μm)所占颗粒物污染负荷比为:公交站台(67.4%)楼顶(49.6%)天桥(49.2%)路面(48.1%).临时性管控措施(限行、限产等)和常规性清扫(人工清扫和机械清扫)均能减少灰尘质量,使细灰尘质量比增加,重金属污染负荷有明显削减,但对城市管理来说,后者更经济实用.     

贵阳市某蔬菜地养殖废水污灌土壤重金属、抗生素复合污染研究

养殖废水灌溉农田易造成重金属、抗生素复合污染,从而引发环境健康风险.对贵阳市乌当区长期污灌蔬菜地土壤进行调查研究,探究长期污灌条件下土壤重金属、抗生素复合污染状况.同时,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Cr含量进行测定,采用超声波提取,固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析的方法对抗生素进行测定.结果表明,与对照组比较,污灌土壤Cd呈积累趋势,Zn、Pb、As含量降低,Cr含量变化不大.Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Cr的污染指数分别为0.59、2.20、0.21、0.86、0.27,Cd达到中度污染水平.污灌土壤Cd、Pb以可还原态为主,Zn、As、Cr以残渣态为主,与对照相比,污灌土壤可还原态重金属普遍升高,其中,可还原态Cd从5.56%增加至57.2%,可还原态Pb从34.5%增加至52.3%.污灌土壤中四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素含量明显增加,总量范围分别为0.14~15.8、0.26~8.03、0.31~32.8μg·kg~(-1),未污灌对照土壤的四环素类、磺胺类未检出,喹诺酮类含量为0.77~1.13μg·kg~(-1).相关分析结果显示,重金属Pb和Zn与3类抗生素呈正相关关系,存在复合污染现象,而Cd、As和Cr与抗生素之间没有显著的相关关系.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体力学及重金属浸出特性

以苏州七子山生活垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰为研究对象,采用水泥作为固化剂,研究水泥飞灰固化体的应力应变特征及重金属浸出特性,并探讨了水泥飞灰配合比、养护时间等关键性因素对这些特性的影响。实验结果表明:较养护3 d的样品,其余养护时间的样品强度平均增长了约96.2%,而其破坏应变平均减小了56%。随着水泥含量和养护时间的增加,飞灰固化体的强度上升,而其破坏应变减小,该趋势主要归因于钙矾石(AFt)的形成促进了飞灰固化体强度的发展。较飞灰原样,飞灰固化体的重金属浸出浓度随着水泥含量、养护时间的增加而降低了38%~99%,重金属的迁移被限制,主要归因于水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)和钙矾石(AFt)的形成,以及飞灰和水泥水化反应创造的强碱性环境。     

锰银复合催化剂对NTP降解吸附态甲苯的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备以13X分子筛为载体的Mn-Ag复合型催化剂,并用SEM、BET和FT-IR手段对催化剂进行表征。在介质阻挡放电反应器(DBD)中,考察了锰、银不同摩尔比和不同负载总量的催化剂对吸附态甲苯降解的影响。结果表明:当n(Mn)∶n(Ag)为1∶3时,Mn-Ag/13X催化剂对甲苯催化氧化活性最高,CO_2选择性为98.84%;不同摩尔比的催化剂对O_3分解性能顺序与对甲苯的催化氧化性能顺序一致,其顺序为n(Mn)∶n(Ag)1∶3>1∶5>1∶1>3∶1>5∶1>0∶0;Mn-Ag/13X(Mn∶Ag=1∶3)催化剂锰和银负载量对催化剂的吸附性能和催化活性有显著影响,随负载量的变化,吸附穿透时间大小关系为:2.5%Mn-Ag/13X≈7.5%Mn-Ag/13X>5%Mn-Ag/13X>10%Mn-Ag/13X;负载量为5%时,吸附穿透时间为125 min,CO_x浓度为4 669.82 mg/m~3,显示出最好的催化活性。     

含磷物质与活性炭复配稳定土壤重金属研究

利用含磷物质、活性炭及两者复配组合对污染土壤中的重金属进行稳定化处理,根据稳定效率对稳定剂进行筛选,并分析稳定前后土壤重金属的生物有效性、赋存形态变化。结果表明:经磷矿粉+5%煤基活性炭稳定7 d后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd稳定效率分别达75.85%、61.03%、52.80%、49.92%,土壤重金属的DTPA和PBET生物有效态均降低。BCR形态分级实验表明:该复合稳定剂对土壤重金属的稳定化效应较好,重金属的酸可提取态均有所减少,转化为其他难以分解转移的形态。结果表明,磷矿粉和煤基活性炭可作为资源回收利用,应用于土壤重金属污染修复。     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi, India

Trace metals associated with PM₁₀ aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested 5 PCs, which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin, while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana regions. Furthermore, concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.