Interspecific interactions of amphipods <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gammarus lacustris</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelinoides fasciatus</Emphasis>

Experimental studies of interactions between two amphipod species (Gmelinoides fasciatus and Gammarus lacustris) showed that predation is the basic mechanism accounting for their mutual exclusion in nature. Mortality from predation among similar-sized specimens of both species at an equal abundance ratio was similar (24–25% in G. lacustris and 27–30% in G. fasciatus). The displacement of G. lacustris by G. fasciatus was observed when the latter was dominant. Adult G. fasciatus and G. lacustris successfully preyed on juveniles of their competitors and did not differ significantly in daily food consumption as a percentage of body weight: 6–24% at a fresh body weight of 18–24 mg in both species. The potential for rapid population growth under new conditions contributed to the success of the invasive Baikal species G. fasciatus in displacing G. lacustris from many water bodies of Russia.     

加快市县环境监测站改革,应对市场竞争对策

在分析市、县两级监测站现状与存在问题基础上,就市、县两级监测站面临加入WTO后的市场化和事业单位体制改革的机遇和挑战,提出了监测站改革思路与应对市场化的对策。     

TREATING WATER INSTITUTIONS AS ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES: DEMONSTRATION OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovation.     

长江流域冬季农业主要作物的耕地竞争机制及案例研究

长江流域是世界最大的油菜籽生产带，增加油菜籽种植面积和产量是提高我国油料供给能力的重要方面。在该区域，油菜籽和小麦是最主要的冬季农作物，也是具备耕地竞争关系的2种主要作物。在对长江流域这两种作物的耕地竞争机制进行理论分析的基础上，系统阐述了耕地竞争力各影响因素之间的内在联系；根据实地调查的数据与结果，对油菜籽和冬小麦的耕地竞争关系进行深入分析。研究结果显示：油菜籽耕地竞争力的影响因素主要有单产、收购价格、机械化水平、劳动力价格及国家政策；稳定油菜籽收购价格是提高油菜籽耕地竞争力的关键；随着农村劳动力成本的提高，油菜籽生产的机械化水平成为影响种植效益的重要因素；国家补贴的影响作用不大。另外，结论也表明长江流域存在很大的油菜籽生产潜力。     

城市群竞争与共生的时空机理分析

城市群演化是一个竞争与共生相互作用的过程,竞争是指在城市群内的各个城市在共同发展中为获取有利的发展地位和发展条件而进行的角逐,而共生是指群体发展中的统一规划和相互依存、相互支持的关系。城市共生关系的根本内涵和特征是空间上的临近性、时间上的长期性、功能上的分工互补性、个体之间的差异依赖性以及作用关系的支持协调性。依据系统论的原理,提出竞争与共生作用可以划分为弱竞争弱共生、强竞争弱共生、强竞争强共生、弱竞争强共生4个发展阶段,并呈现周期性特征,这从城市与区域的演化中都找到了实证。并将城市群竞争共生作用划分为群内竞争与共生、群外竞争与共生、群内竞争与群外共生、群外竞争与群内竞争4个空间作用层面,初步总结出竞争共生作用的一般模式。     

不同磷条件下接种配比对两种淡水藻生长的影响

研究了不同磷浓度条件下铜锈微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独培养和按不同接种密度比混合培养时的生长状况,分别计算了各培养条件下两种藻的磷吸收半饱和常数。结果表明：在试验所设置的磷浓度范围内,两种藻增长速率均随着磷浓度的升高而增大,但是磷浓度变化对铜锈微囊藻的影响较栅藻小。在磷浓度低于100 μg/L时,1〖DK〗∶1共培养体系中微囊藻的增长速率大于栅藻,而磷浓度大于100 μg/L时,结论相反。接种密度比对两种藻的最大密度和增长率均有影响,微囊藻的增长率随着接种密度比减少而增大,栅藻则相反。铜锈微囊藻在10〖DK〗∶1共培养体系中增长最慢,栅藻则在10〖DK〗∶1共培养时增长最快。微囊藻半饱和常数随着在接种密度中所占份额的减少而减小,最小为1035 μg/L,栅藻则没有显示明显规律,在1〖DK〗∶10共培养体系中磷饱和常数最小,为1982 μg/L。无论在哪种培养体系中,铜锈微囊藻的磷吸收半饱和常数均小于斜生栅藻,表明微囊藻对磷营养盐更具亲和性,营养盐浓度较低的环境下微囊藻更易在竞争中获胜。