中国水污染防治40年回顾与展望

改革开放40多年来,我国水污染防治工作取得巨大成效。本文通过回顾我国水污染防治发展历程和总结不同阶段我国流域水污染防治工作特点,提出了面向2035年水生态环境保护的管理建议,以期为2035年美丽中国水环境建设提供参考。     

基于多流域生态网络模型的用水系统结构特征演化分析

以黄淮海流域为案例,将其涵盖生态环境和社会经济用水的水资源利用系统作为研究对象,构建多流域生态网络模型,从系统整体角度自上而下对其进行描述并开展生态网络分析,通过系统整体分析指标的计算,对黄淮海流域在2003~2014年期间系统结构特征的演化进行了分析.研究结果表明,2003~2014年期间,通过"十一五"、"十二五"规划所开展的多项水资源可持续利用措施的实施,系统受到来自外界环境的压力和干扰有所减小,系统逐渐趋于稳定,但却仍存在着生态用水量严重短缺的问题,系统的可持续性还有待进一步研究和提高.     

中国流域水资源管理立法研究

由于人们对流域水资源的肆意掠夺和无情盘剥,流域生态系统日趋退化,资源衰竭、环境污染,己经成为制约人类社会经济可持续发展的瓶颈。事实证明,国外经过多年的实践探索已经成功找到适合流域水资源管理的机制,然而,由于中国流域水资源管理立法的滞后性,中国流域水资源管理现状不容乐观。因此,我们应该在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,完善中国流域水资源管理的立法,力求建立健全流域水资源管理的法律体系,以求更好地实现流域水资源管理。     

OFF-LINE STORMWATER DETENTION SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: This paper looks at the use of off-line detention systems as a means of stormwater management. Conventional detention basins are typically designed and built as in-line systems in which all runoff is directed to the basin. Off-line systems are designed so that only a portion of the runoff is directed to the basin. Several simulation experiments were run to examine the behavior of in-line and off-line systems designed to reduce the peak flow from a developed area to the pre-development level. The results demonstrate that off-line systems require considerably less storage than in-line systems to achieve the same management goal. The results also show that off-line and in-line systems have significantly different flow-duration characteristics with the off-line system generally producing lower flows over longer periods. Unfortunately, off-line systems may exacerbate downstream flooding problems, especially when used in the upper portions of a watershed. Nevertheless, an off-line system can be an alternative to in-line detention in many cases.     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR STORM WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY CONTROL VIA DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Storm water detention basins have historically been employed for quantity (i.e., flooding) control only. However, recently it has been suggested that these basins may also provide a practical means of storm water quality control. This paper presents the formulation of a mathematical modeling approach which may be used by professionals to simultaneously design detention basins for the dual purpose of storm water quantity and quality control. Model simulations demonstrate that for a given basin, pollutant removal increases as storm frequency increases. The importance of particle size distribution and settling velocity for net pollutant removal is illustrated, The design procedure is demonstrated, and pollutant loading diagrams for estimating pollutant removal as a function of storm size are developed.     

RETENTION BASIN FAILURES IN CARBONATE TERRANES1

ABSTRACT Sinkholes and subsidence in areas subject to dewatering of carbonate formations have been documented in several geologic and hydrologic investigations. Excessive ground-water pumpage has been cited as a causative factor in areas of increased sinkhole activity. Subsurface erosion of unconsolidated materials underlain by carbonate rocks is one cause of the collapses. Infiltrating water from retention basins may cause subsurface erosion and eventual failure by collapse of the structure. The resulting ground-water contamination would be great as the pollutants spread throughout the solution-cavity system.     

POSSIBLE DIVERSION OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER TO TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT .A summary is presented of remarks made at a conference held at Louisiana Tech University on the possibility of diverting some of the Mississippi River water to Texas and New Mexico. The Texas Water Plan which has initiated the diversion possibility is discussed and particular reference is made to the activities of the federal and state agencies directly responsible for determining various aspects of the diversion study. These agencies include the Texas Water Development Board, Texas Water Quality Board, Louisiana Department of Public Works, State Engineer's Office of New Mexico, Mississippi River Commission, and the Bureau of Reclamation.     

GEOMORPHIC AND PEDOLOGIC INFLUENCE ON SMALL-SCALE EPHEMERAL CHANNEL DIMENSION IN RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Geomorphic processes may partly determine channel geometry. Soil particle uplift during freezing and thawing cycles and bank sloughing during wetting and drying periods were observed. Soil properties and channel dimension were measured to determine the dominant processes controlling channel geometry in eight small (mean area 0.096 km²) drainages in Logan Canyon, Utah. Soil cohesion was low (plasticity index > 15) for all but one of the drainages sampled. Basin scale geomorphic variables were examined to determine if they control channel dimension. Bankfull width was highly correlated to channel length and valley length with r² values of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively. A strong canonical correlation (0.64) showed that distance from the watershed divide, bank liquid limit, and bank sand content were effective predictor variables of bankfull width and depth. The interrelations between geomorphic and pedogenic processes were the strongest determinants of ephemeral channel dimension in this study.     

STORMWATER DETENTION BASINS AND RESIDENTIAL LOCATIONAL DECISIONS1

ABSTRACT: Residents of seven subdivisions with wet and dry stormwater basins were questioned about the role the basin played in their decision to purchase their home. They were asked to estimate the impact of such basins on the image of residential developments and on lot values. Respondents believed that wet basins contributed positively to subdivision image and that lots in developments with wet basins were more valuable than comparable lots in dry basin subdivisions. Lots adjacent to wet basins were perceived as the most valuable, while those adjacent to dry basins were considered the least valuable.     

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FROM BASINS1

ABSTRACT: One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.