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81.
Robert G. Paterson Michael I. Luger Raymond J. Burby Edward J. Kaiser H. Rooney Malcom Alicia C. Beard 《Environmental management》1993,17(2):167-178
The EPA’s new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution
control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina’s program
(one of the strongest programs in the country in terms of implementation authority, staffing levels, and comprehensiveness
of coverage) are examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management
practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running
a program on a cost recovery basis. We found that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome
to the development industry (adding about 4% on average to development costs). Public-sector program costs ranged between
$2.4 and $4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. Our contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina
are willing to pay somewhere between $7.1 and $14.2 million a year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control.
Our benefit-cost analysis suggests that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive.
Lastly, we found that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.
This article is based on research by the authors for the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
(DEHNR). The views are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the position of DEHNR. 相似文献
82.
The purpose of this research is to study the temporal and spatial sediment delivery to and within the stream network following a wildfire on a chaparral watershed in Arizona, USA. Methods include interpretation of channel processes (aggradation, degradation) from sequential aerial photographs, field measurements of sediment delivery, and overland flow from ten microwatersheds having different vegetation cover (no vegetation, chaparral cover, and bare with vegetation buffer strips). The response of the watershed to the fire was very complex. The fire reduced the chaparral cover to zero in most locations and severe erosion led to filling of the channels by sediment. With vegetation recovery, sediment delivery from the watershed practically ceased. Vegetation buffer strips were mainly responsible for arresting the sediment delivered from bare hillslopes. Relatively clear water, entering the channels, caused degradation in the tributaries that delivered the sediment into the main stream at El Oso Creek. Due to high water infiltration by immense volumes of sediment deposits in the middle reach, the sediment from the tributaries was deposited as in-channel fans. In contrast, the upper reach of El Oso Creek behaved similarly to the tributaries. It aggraded after the fire and was followed by degradation. The low reach of El Oso Creek is degrading because it is still adjusting base level to the incision of the master stream. Implications of this study are that land managers, concerned to avoid severe erosion and sedimentation following disturbance, should concentrate on the establishment and enhancement of vegetation buffer strips along channel banks. 相似文献
83.
Stephan J. Nix Ting-Kuei Tsay 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(3):609-614
ABSTRACT: In a simulation experiment, stormwater flows are partially diverted, at various levels, to a detention basin in order to compare the recombined (i.e., undiverted flows and basin discharges) hydrograph to the response of the traditional, in-line design. The use of off-line detention basins is shown to be an effective technique for reducing peak flows from developed watersheds to pre-development levels with lower storage requirements. In addition, the discharge hydrographs produced by off-line detention are significantly different from those produced by the traditional design and may be more suited to certain stormwater management situations. 相似文献
84.
85.
Juan Arteaga Pablo Ochoa Andreas Fries Jan Boll 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(2):270-282
Integrated watershed management (IWM) is a priority, especially in semiarid regions that are concurrently affected by population growth, land use change, soil erosion, and poor governance. In developing countries, IWM is often done without any support tool, scientific data, or deep knowledge of territory characteristics. The aim of this study was to present a case study to apply a decision support tool to prioritize areas for territory management. A simple, quantitative multi‐criteria analysis was applied in a semiarid basin of the Ecuadorian Andes to identify the zones of greatest concern for implementation of resource conservation and management practices at a local and regional scale. In addition to describing the current state of the conditions of this basin, our results suggest scenarios of change in relation to official population projections based on spatial analysis of land use change. Analysis resulted in a scattered distribution of priority values within the watershed, so a hierarchical rule was incorporated to define priorities at the subwatershed (SW) scale. Our analysis identified four SW of very high priority and urgent need to implement management practices. Based on projections of future change due to population growth and land cover change, the number of subbasins that require more attention was doubled. Finally, this study includes zones for management or conservation of the land, according to the Sustainable Development Goals. 相似文献
86.
Constructed stormwater infiltration basins have been broad applied in urban areas in terms of stormwater disposal and compensation of reduced groundwater recharge. However, stormwater derived from sediments accumulating in infiltration beds may act as a source of dissolved contaminants for groundwater. Concentrations of DO, NO3-N, NO2^--N, NH4^+-N and PO4^3--P were monitored at multiple depth with time. The results showed that the occurrence of denitrificarion was restrained by sediments in term of no invertebrates. Under the conditions of invertebrates inoculated, the concentrations of DO, NO^3--N, NO2^+-N, NH4^+-N and PO4^3+-P varied respectively with time and the occurrence of nitrification and mobilizing nitrate in the sediment. It is concluded that there exist the invertebrate activities such as building tubes and galleries and excreting faecal pellet which may increase water dispersion and enhance accessibility of nutrient, and stimulate microbial process effected in the sediment. Besides, the natural death and rot of worms were also found to be important factors of the invertebrate activities. 相似文献
87.
88.
210Pb as a tool for establishing sediment chronologies: examples of potentials and limitations of conventional dating models 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kirchner G 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(5):490-494
For aquatic sediments, the use of 210Pb originating from the decay of atmospheric 222Rn is a well-established methodology to estimate sediment ages and sedimentation rates. Traditionally, the measurement of 210Pb in soils and sediments involved laborious and time-consuming radiochemical separation procedures. Due to the recent development of advanced planar (‘n-type’) semi-conductors with high efficiencies in the low-energy range which enable the gamma-spectrometric analysis of the 46.5 keV decay line of 210Pb, sediment dating using this radionuclide has gained renewed interest.In this contribution, potentials and limitations of the 210Pb methodology and of the models used for estimating sediment ages and sedimentation rates are discussed and illustrated by examples of freshwater and marine sediments. Comparison with the use of 137Cs shows that the information which may be gained by these two tracers is complementary. As a consequence, both radionuclides should be used in combination for dating of recent sediments. It is shown that for various sedimentation regimes additional information from other sources (e.g. sediment lithology) may be needed to establish a reliable chronology. A strategy for sediment dating using 210Pb is recommended. 相似文献
89.
Sedimentation basins (SBs) are commonly used during highway construction for erosion and sedimentation pollution control as well as for attenuation of overland storm waters. In order to evaluate the sediment removal capacity of these SBs, four basins were selected for monitoring from a new highway construction that extends I-99 to I-80, in Pennsylvania. Between September 2004 and August 2005, ten sampling trips were conducted during which basin inlet and outlet water samples were obtained. The SB samples were analyzed for pH, color, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total and dissolved iron, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, calcium, sulfate and phosphate. The data showed peaks in concentrations of TSS, total aluminum, total manganese, total iron and total phosphate that closely correlated to localized rainfall peaks. For certain samples, the concentration of TSS in the outlet was higher than the TSS concentration at the basin inlet, suggesting sediment re-suspension. In general SBs managed high flows during wet weather events, but were not effective in capturing particulates. This paper discusses the need for Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the design of SBs that reflect contemporary concerns for management of particle removal and to control the release of particulate-bound metals. This paper also evaluates the water quality impacts of naturally occurring acidic drainages into SBs, as several acidic seeps with pH in the range of 5-6 and having high dissolved concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca), sulfate and phosphate were observed draining into the SBs. 相似文献
90.
Markku Korhonen Simo Salo Harri Kankaanpää Hannu Kiviranta Päivi Ruokojärvi Matti Verta 《Chemosphere》2013
Sediment trap material was collected during May–December in the period 1996–2008 in three coastal areas and four open sea stations in the Finnish territory of the Baltic Sea. The highest sedimentation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) with a typical source-related congener profile from chlorophenol production dominated by highly chlorinated dibenzofurans was found close to a historical source in the Kymijoki estuary. This was an order of magnitude higher than in other river estuaries and two orders of magnitude higher than in the open sea stations. The sedimentation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also higher in river estuaries than in other areas. No significant decrease over a 12 year period of monitoring was found in concentration or in sedimentation in the Kymijoki estuary. In the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, the dominating congeners, calculated as toxic equivalent (TEQ) in sedimentation were 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD and 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF, often reported as the main congeners in deposition. 相似文献