蚯蚓生态毒理试验在土壤污染风险评价中的应用

蚯蚓是评价土壤环境质量的重要指示生物.近年来,蚯蚓生态毒理学取得了快速的发展,诞生了许多新的毒理测试技术和评价方法.概述了当前广泛采用的蚯蚓毒理试验方法,重点介绍毒性试验、种群动态调查、回避试验、生物富集试验、生物标志物试验的原理与特征,论述了各种试验方法在土壤污染环境监测和生态风险评价中的应用,并探讨了蚯蚓生态毒理学未来的发展与应用前景.      

华北地区天气型对区域大气污染的影响

分析了2000—2001年采暖期重污染天气型演变、垂直温湿层结结构及区域污染特征。区域性重污染背景为各类重污染天气型相继影响的复合系统,其中有各类天气型组成的污染物传输、汇聚和区域污染同步累积系统。华北平原区域性同步污染现象受制于高空持续稳定的西风及低空各类稳定的天气型配置。各地同一时期污染指数的差异与排放源群结构及输送汇聚天气型移动和演变影响有关。区域性重污染温湿层结多为喇叭口状(沙尘型污染除外)。      

抗生素抗性分析法在粪便污染源示踪技术中的应用

伴随着沿海人口的递增和养殖业的发展,粪便污染已成为近岸海域污染的一个重要污染源,日益威胁着人类的生存和经济发展。抗生素抗性分析法(Antibiotic Resistance Analysis,ARA)凭借对不同物种粪便源中相同示踪因子特异性抗生素抗性的检测,可以达到识别粪便污染源的目的。作为一种经济有效的粪便污染源示踪工具,ARA研究在欧美等国已开展并得到了应用。简要介绍了ARA原理、着重阐述了ARA的应用方法学,并概括了目前ARA在国内外发展现状。以期为同领域专家学者提供参考,促进中国利用ARA法在识别粪便源技术中的应用。     

Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrate at a two geomorphic units transition zone in northern China

To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks, 489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou, northern China. The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃^?, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, among which the NO₃^? concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L. In total, 167 out of 489 samples (~ 34%) exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China. The high NO₃^? concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units. As revealed by statistical analysis, the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources. Moreover, human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model, the results showed that about 60%, 50%, 32% and 26% of the area exceeded the acceptable level (total health index>1) for infants, children, adult males and females, respectively. The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly, ranked: infants> children> adult males>adult females, suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination, while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males. To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas, proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.     

Root-associated (rhizosphere and endosphere) microbiomes of the Miscanthus sinensis and their response to the heavy metal contamination

The plant root-associated microbiomes, including both the rhizosphere and the root endosphere microbial community, are considered as a critical extension of the plant genome. Comparing to the well-studied rhizosphere microbiome, the understanding of the root endophytic microbiome is still in its infancy. Miscanthus sinensis is a pioneering plant that could thrive on metal contaminated lands and holds the potential for phytoremediation applications. Characterizing its root-associated microbiome, especially the root endophytic microbiome, could provide pivotal knowledge for phytoremediation of mine tailings. In the current study, M. sinensis residing in two Pb/Zn tailings and one uncontaminated site were collected. The results demonstrated that the metal contaminant fractions exposed strong impacts on the microbial community structures. Their influences on the microbial community, however, gradually decreases from the bulk soil through the rhizosphere soil and finally to the endosphere, which resulting in distinct root endophytic microbial community structures compared to both the bulk and rhizosphere soil. Diverse members affiliated with the order Rhizobiales was identified as the core microbiome residing in the root of M. sinensis. In addition, enrichment of plant-growth promoting functions within the root endosphere were predicted, suggesting the root endophytes may provide critical services to the host plant. The current study provides new insights into taxonomy and potential functions of the root-associated microbiomes of the pioneer plant, M. sinensis, which may facilitate future phytoremediation practices.     

电子垃圾拆解区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

选取广东省贵屿镇为研究区域,测定土壤中15种金属(As、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Li、Mn、Ni、Sb、Sn、Pb、V和Zn)的含量,并确定研究区域大米中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量;运用多元统计分析法和人体健康风险评价模型研究土壤-水稻系统重金属分布特征和健康风险.结果表明,电子垃圾拆解区周边表层土壤中Hg、Sb、Sn具有明显的积累效应,Cd、Hg的平均含量超过了《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 156182-1995)Ⅱ级标准限值,贵屿镇相较于陈店镇、司马浦镇污染较严重.多元统计分析表明,Cu、Sb、Ni、Zn、Sn、Pb、Hg来源于周边电子垃圾拆解活动,Cd、Be来源于其他人为污染源,V、Li、Cr、Co、As、Mn来源于自然源.土壤-水稻系统重金属迁移积累于稻米中的重金属评价富集量符合国家食品卫生标准,富集能力CdZnCuNiAsCrHgPb.土壤重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经手-口摄入是土壤暴露风险的主要途径,且各镇土壤重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险均在可接受范围.贵屿镇通过摄取稻米途径所引起健康风险主要来自As、Cr、Cu、Ni元素.     

多级筛分式淋洗设备在复合污染土壤修复项目中的工程应用

以受重金属、多环芳烃复合污染的工业遗留场地为修复对象,运用多级筛分式淋洗设备对复合污染土壤进行工程化实施,综合考虑场地污染土壤理化性质、污染物分布规律与污染物存在形态等因素,对污染土壤进行7级筛分和淋洗。运行结果表明:该设备操作简单、处理效率高、运行费用低,淋洗出料可达到修复标准,处理达标的石块和砾石可用于场地回填;砂砾、粗砂、中粗砂和细砂可作为建筑材料;仅有泥饼需要进行后续固化稳定化处理。该设备实现了我国自主研发土壤修复淋洗技术装备在应用层面从无到有的突破。     

典型地下水浅埋区加油站渗漏污染潜势分析及高潜势验证

地下水浅埋区的加油站油品渗漏可直接对土壤和地下水造成污染. 基于层次分析法对上海市黄浦江上游地区、崇明岛以及长兴岛内的119家加油站进行渗漏污染潜势分析,计算各加油站的LPV(leaking potential value,污染潜势值),并用四分法将119个加油站按LPV分为4个评价等级,有9个加油站LPV很高,3.60≤LPV＜4.07;49个加油站LPV较高,3.18≤LPV＜3.60;47个加油站LPV一般,2.73≤LPV＜3.18;14个加油站LPV较低,2.28≤LPV＜2.73. 针对2个LPV较高的已歇业加油站开展现场打井监测与取样分析.结果表明,这2个加油站的潜水层均出现油品渗漏污染,其中加油岛、管线区以及储油罐区是加油站渗漏污染重灾区,土壤中污染物以苯系物、萘以及总石油烃为主,总石油烃检出率达到71.4%~88.9%;地下水中污染物以总石油烃和MTBE(methyl tert-butyl ether,甲基叔丁基醚)为主,总石油烃检出率达到80.0%~100.0%,MTBE检出率达到33.3%~71.4%,对地下水源污染风险较大.      

阿斯旺建坝后尼罗河三角洲重金属污染研究进展——对长江三角洲的启示

人类活动尤其是流域建坝对下游三角洲会产生深远的环境影响。1964年阿斯旺建坝后尼罗河三角洲沉积环境发生重大改变,以廉价水电为基础的埃及工业迅速发展,大量工农业废水排入沿海泻湖,造成了严重的重金属污染并威胁人体健康。本文详细梳理了埃及阿斯旺建坝后尼罗河三角洲重金属研究历史与现状,及重金属污染导致的生态效应。同时,本文针对我国三峡大坝的修建及长江口可能出现的环境响应,提出了今后应关注的研究方向。     

昆明市土壤重金属污染评价

对昆明市表层土壤中的8种重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量以及分布特征进行分析,发现元素的平均含量与中国土壤背景值相比有较大富集,同时采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法进行污染评价,结果表明昆明市西山区和五华区均存在一定程度的土壤重金属污染问题,盘龙区和官渡区的土壤环境质量较好;结合数据和昆明城市现状对土壤重金属的污染原因进行分析,重金属污染的来源主要是工业污染和交通污染。