金佛山不同高程岩溶泉初春时期溶解态脂类生物标志物研究

为探究金佛山不同高程的表层岩溶泉入春时期溶解有机质的来源和转化特点,于2017年1、2和4月分别在水房泉(2045 m)和碧潭泉(730 m)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中脂类生物标志物(溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸)的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,水房泉和碧潭泉溶解态正构烷烃(T-ALK)含量变化范围分别为1546~19314 ng·L~(-1)和1089~12234 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8036、5553ng·L~(-1);脂肪酸变化范围分别为4163~13048 ng·L~(-1)和5519~10079 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8039和8421 ng·L~(-1).由于春季气温回升和降水增多,正构烷烃和脂肪酸含量总体均处于上升趋势.同时,基于正构烷烃分子参数CPI、OEP、TAR、L/H发现,溶解态正构烷烃以细菌源为主,高等植物源输入逐月升高,以低海拔处的碧潭泉变化更为显著.溶解态脂肪酸1、2月以细菌源为主,4月以真菌源和高等植物源脂肪酸为主,细菌源比重依然较高,且因不同海拔的生境不同导致碧潭泉的水生生物输入较水房泉更稳定.     

兰溪市PM2.5中有机物的组成特征、季节变化及来源研究

为更好地理解我国中小城市地区大气细颗粒物的污染特征,利用大流量采样器采集了浙江中部典型内陆城市-兰溪市近郊和市区两个站点2016年四个季节的PM_(2.5)样品,测定了碳质气溶胶的含量,利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析了正构烷烃、藿烷、多环芳烃和长链脂肪酸等弱极性有机物的组成.结果表明,兰溪PM_(2.5)中有机碳的年均浓度为9.7μg·m~(-3),有机物中正构烷烃、藿烷、多环芳烃和脂肪酸的年均浓度分别为40.8、2.0、21.0和168 ng·m~(-3).同系物分布特征表明,化石燃料燃烧是兰溪PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃的主要来源,但植物蜡也有重要贡献;藿烷的组成及其季节变化显示兰溪PM_(2.5)中的藿烷主要来源于机动车排放,但冬季存在明显的燃煤贡献;基于BeP/(BeP+BaP)、IcdP/(IcdP+Bg P)等特征比值分析,兰溪PM_(2.5)中的多环芳烃主要来源于机动车尾气和煤炭/生物质燃烧的混合贡献,冬季燃煤贡献较高;兰溪夏季多环芳烃的老化程度较低,表明兰溪夏季PM_(2.5)以本地排放新鲜颗粒为主,外来输送的影响较小;脂肪酸的浓度和组成说明餐饮排放对市区PM_(2.5)的影响较大.研究结果为大气PM_(2.5)的来源解析提供了重要的基础信息.     

不同基质配比对农村生活垃圾厌氧发酵效率及稳定性的影响

以典型农村生活垃圾餐厨垃圾(Food Waste,FW)与纸类垃圾(Paper Waste,PW)为基质,通过中温(35℃)批次厌氧共发酵试验,探明不同配比的基质在厌氧共发酵4阶段(水解阶段、酸化阶段、乙酸化阶段、产甲烷阶段)的动力学特性,再结合挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids,VFAs)在系统运行过程中的变化,确定FW与PW的最佳配比。结果表明,水解阶段是纸类垃圾的主要限速步骤,而VFAs积累限制了餐厨垃圾甲烷化进程的提高,且VFAs积累主要以丙酸与丁酸为主。当w(FW)≥35%时,产甲烷速率随VFAs质量浓度增大而线性减小,过高的VFAs质量浓度抑制了产甲烷菌的活性。FW与PW最佳基质配比为35∶65(质量比),在此条件下反应速率最为突出,系统运行高效,VFAs能及时被产甲烷菌利用,无有机酸积累,系统运行平稳。     

活化剂联合植物移除污染土壤重金属的研究进展

土壤重金属活化移除技术作为一种快速有效的污染土壤治理技术,越来越受到重视。综述了近年来螯合剂、低分子有机酸、表面活性剂等不同活化剂对重金属的活化移除效果,包括活化剂对部分重金属形态变化的影响以及与植物联合修复的效果,并综合考虑其本身的生物降解性和生态毒性等优缺点,以期为研究重金属污染土壤修复技术提供参考。     

Organic aerosol molecular composition and gas–particle partitioning coefficients at a Mediterranean site (Corsica)

Molecular speciation of atmospheric organic matter was investigated during a short summer field campaign performed in a citrus fruit field in northern Corsica(June 2011). Aimedat assessing the performance on the field of newly developed analytical protocols, this work focuses on the molecular composition of both gas and particulate phases and provides an insight into partitioning behavior of the semi-volatile oxygenated fraction. Limonene ozonolysis tracers were specifically searched for, according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) data previously recorded for smog chamber experiments. A screening of other oxygenated species present in the field atmosphere was also performed. About sixty polar molecules were positively or tentatively identified in gas and/or particle phases. These molecules comprise a wide range of branched and linear, mono and di-carbonyls(C_3–C7),mono and di-carboxylic acids(C_3–C_18), and compounds bearing up to three functionalities.Among these compounds, some can be specifically attributed to limonene oxidation and others can be related to α- or β-pinene oxidation. This provides an original snapshot of the organic matter composition at a Mediterranean site in summer. Furthermore, for compounds identified and quantified in both gaseous and particulate phases, an experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficient was determined. Several volatile products, which are not expected in the particulate phase assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, were nonetheless present in significant concentrations. Hypotheses are proposed to explain these observations, such as the possible aerosol viscosity that could hinder the theoretical equilibrium to be rapidly reached.     

生物质炭对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

在邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)污染的不同类型土壤(有机质含量低的新垦红壤、有机质含量高的熟化红壤)中添加不同种类(稻草炭、毛竹炭)以及不同用量(0%、0.5%和2%)的生物质炭,温室种植上海青并在56 d后采集土样,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)考察了土壤类型、生物质炭种类以及用量对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明:对细菌、真菌及微生物总PLFA这三者的含量而言,熟化红壤显著(p0.05)高于新垦红壤,熟化红壤中添加2%稻草炭使其显著(p0.05)增加,新垦红壤中添加毛竹炭使其显著(p0.05)降低.新垦红壤中添加2%稻草炭对革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比值的增加效果最显著(p0.05),添加2%毛竹炭对土壤微生物群落Shannon指数的降低效果最显著(p0.05).添加2%稻草炭对DBP污染土壤中微生物压力指数降低效果最显著(p0.05).生物质炭对熟化红壤中真菌/细菌、革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌及微生物群落Shannon指数均无显著影响.PCA分析表明,土壤有机质含量以及生物质炭的种类和用量均会对土壤微生物群落结构产生一定影响,且生物质炭的影响与土壤有机质含量密切相关.     

污泥厌氧发酵产酸关键影响因素的函数模型研究

本研究以城市剩余污泥预处理液作为底物,调节底物不同C/N比,测定了厌氧发酵过程中几种关键酶的酶活及发酵产物乙酸、丙酸及丁酸的浓度.同时,利用Matlab软件通过回归分析和函数拟合构建了C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量之间的多项式函数模型,发现所建立的二元三次多项式模型的拟合优度R2均大于0.9,且残差平方和较小,因此,判定二元三次多项式更适合描述C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量的数学关系.最后,建立了关键酶活、C/N比和产酸量三因素间的曲面模型,发现该模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对关键酶和产酸类型的影响,并能进一步预测C/N比所对应的酶活和产酸发酵类型,可为今后的实验研究及工程放大提供理论参考.     

Species of Trace Metals,Organic Residues and Humic Substances in Sediments From the Taiwan Erhjin River and Coastal Areas

Abstract

Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g^?1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g^?1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g^?1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated.     

Photochemical Behavior of Parathion in the Presence of Humic Acids from Different Origins

This paper reports the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation of pesticide ethyl parathion in the presence of humic acids. Ethyl parathion was completely degraded in 300 min using an artificial lamp of 7.41 × 10^{? 10} einstein/s. Humic acid from peat did not influence the photochemical rate (k = 8.92 × 10^?3 min). However, in the presence of aquatic humic acid, the photochemical rate was higher (11.5 × 10^?3 min). The analytical determinations show the presence of p-nitrophenol and aminophenol in the reaction medium during the photochemical experiments. The kinetic of degradation in all experiments obeyed a first-order reaction pattern.