梯度洗脱离子色谱法同时测定降水中9种有机及无机阴离子

建立了梯度洗脱离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、甲基磺酸、氯离子、硝酸根、戊二酸、硫酸根、乙二酸等9种有机酸和无机酸阴离子的测定方法。利用ICS-1000型离子色谱仪配备的淋洗液发生器,产生梯度氢氧化钾溶液,结果显示在20min内很好地完成了9种离子的同时分离测定。该方法的回收率为78．9％～115％,测试的相对标准偏差均〈6．5％。此方法操作简便、准确、实用,是南方地区降水样品较理想的阴离子检测方法。     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

微藻脂肪酸在中国近海缺氧海水-沉积物界面中的降解模拟研究

通过一系列培养实验,模拟了有机物在中国近海季节性缺氧环境沉积物-海水界面的降解过程.以中国近海典型的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为研究对象,对中肋骨条藻中的几种典型脂类生物标志物在不同程度缺氧海水-沉积物界面中的降解行为进行追踪.通过分析测定不同培养时间获取的不同含氧体系(氧饱和度100%、50%,25%和0%)中中肋骨条藻4种主要脂肪酸[14:0、16:0、16:1(7)、20:5]的含量,结果表明,在前2~3周4种脂肪酸迅速减少,之后则变化很慢甚至几乎不变.在不同含氧体系中4种脂肪酸的降解存在很大差异,14:0、16:1(7)、20:5经过两个月的培养,在4种不同含氧体系中几乎降解完全,而16:0在4种体系中剩余25%~35%.根据multi-G模型对4种脂肪酸降解进行定量描述,结果表明,每种化合物可以分为降解较快和较慢的部分,各化合物的平均降解速率常数k av范围在0.079~0.84 d-1,14:0与16:1(7)的降解在25%含氧体系中最快,在降解最快的体系中,14:0的k av是最慢体系(含氧50%)的2.3倍,16:1(7)的k av是最慢体系(含氧100%)的1.7倍;16:0的最快降解速率出现在无氧体系中(0.17 d-1),是最慢体系[50%含氧体系(0.079 d-1)]的2.1倍;20:5的降解速率常数则与含氧量呈正相关.结果表明,影响中国近海缺氧海区沉积物-海水界面中中肋骨条藻中脂肪酸降解的因素除了含氧量之外,有机化合物本身的结构和性质以及环境中微生物作用等对其降解也存在着很大影响.     

Pt/生物炭电极反应器处理水中腐殖酸的研究

构建Pt/生物炭电极反应器,研究其对水中腐殖酸的去除效率和去除特性.结果表明,在电流密度为20 m A·cm~(-2)下反应300 min,Pt/生物炭电极反应器对水中腐殖酸的去除率为74.58%,较Pt/石墨电极反应器47.10%去除率提高58.3%.Pt/生物炭电极反应器对水中腐殖酸的去除主要通过电化学氧化和气浮作用.生物炭阴极比石墨阴极能产生更多的H_2O_2,是提高Pt/生物炭电极反应器对腐殖酸去除率的重要原因.三维荧光光谱和凝胶色谱法分析表明,Pt/生物炭电极反应器具有较强的氧化能力,可将较小分子量的腐殖酸直接矿化.研究结果显示生物炭可以作为一种新型电化学反应器的阴极材料用于对水中有机污染物处理.     

森林地区PM2.5中氨基酸的水平、来源及转化

在春季采集了南昌森林地区(28.75°N,115.71°E)大气PM_2.5样品,测定了其结合氨基酸(CAAs)和游离氨基酸(FAAs)的浓度以及甘氨酸(Gly)的氮同位素.结果表明,大气气溶胶中总CAAs的浓度为272.8~4761.5pmol/m³,总FAAs浓度为56.4~494.0pmol/m³.通过分析PM_2.5中氨基酸的百分比组成,得出CAAs中Pro、Gly、Glu、Leu和Ala为主要氨基酸,分别占总CAAs的(19.5±12.0)%, (19.4±10.6)%, (15.3±4.9)%, (12.8±5.4)%和(9.1±1.6)%.在FAAs中,Gly为最丰富的氨基酸,占总FAAs的(71.1±9.2)%,其他单个FAAs的百分比却很小(占比范围为0.1%~14.3%).FAAs中的中性氨基酸百分占比明显高于其在CAAs中的百分占比,这可能与远距离传输过程中氨基酸的光化学反应有关.通过氨基酸浓度与O₃、NO₂和温度的相关性分析,发现森林地区气溶胶中FAAs形成与大气光化学过程和热反应有关.气溶胶中δ¹⁵N_C-Gly值(-1.0‰~+17.5‰)和δ¹⁵N_F-Gly值(-5.5‰~+13.0‰)均接近于土壤源的δ¹⁵N_Gly值,说明森林地区PM_2.5中氨基酸可能主要来源于土壤源.     

西安市冬季霾污染过程PM2.5上蛋白质的浓度变化与来源分析

利用2019年12月至2020年1月在西安市3次灰霾污染过程中采集的PM_2.5样品,采用BCA试剂法、离子色谱和气相色谱-质谱检测法分别对样品中的蛋白质含量及无机有机化学成分进行了分析测定,结合相关性分析和气团后向轨迹模型分析探讨了PM_2.5上蛋白质对灰霾污染的响应及其在污染过程中可能的作用.结果表明,冬季灰霾污染期间,西安市PM_2.5中蛋白质组分的平均浓度为(5.587±2.421)μg/m³,处于较高水平;蛋白质浓度变化呈现出显著的短期连续变化特征,夜晚略高于白天.蛋白质的浓度与Cl^-和K⁺呈显著的正相关,说明气溶胶中蛋白质的来源与燃煤和生物质燃烧有关;与NO₃^-与SO₄^2-的浓度呈现显著的正相关,表明蛋白质可能参与NO₃^-与SO₄^2-的氧化转化;蛋白质具有良好的吸湿性,在湿度较大时,以其为核心吸附空气中的水蒸气及易溶于水的气态污染物(O₃、SO₂、NO_X以及挥发性有机物等)形成的气溶胶易于发生吸湿增长及非均相反应,可能利于二次气溶胶的生成.     

A novel online analyzer for accurate and rapid measurement of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic wastewater treatment

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are largely generated during the anaerobic acidification process, are considered to be reliable indicators of the stable process operation. However, the common methods for monitoring VFAs are offline, and they are typically manual requiring time-consuming, costly and complex instruments. This study aims to develop a novel online analyzer for automatic measuring VFAs, which was based on the 5-pH point titration, embedded with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control system. The results show that it can achieve accurate and rapid monitoring of VFAs ranging between 0-400 mg/L (<9 min/sample) but simultaneously faces the problems of overtitration and interference of complex characteristics of wastewater. In order to improve its accuracy and stability, the effects of three general coefficients (K_I, K_P, and K_D) of PID on the titration were investigated, and the optimal values of K_I, K_P, and K_D were found to be 1.5, 1.0, and -1.0~0.5, respectively. Besides, the initial titration speed was set at 0.06 mL/min, equal to the minimum speed of the peristaltic pump, and the dichotomy approach was integrated into the PID feedback controller. Owing to the above improvements, the relative mean deviation and standard deviation of measuring VFAs in both synthetic and real wastewaters were mostly lower than 5.0% and 5.0 mg/L, proving the online analyzer is rapid, accurate and reliable.     

游离亚硝酸预处理对剩余污泥电解及微生物群落结构的影响

为打破传统厌氧发酵周期长,有机质利用率低等瓶颈,增强污泥的资源利用和能源回收,探讨了游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对剩余污泥电解效果及微生物群落的影响.对比分析了FNA预处理前后剩余污泥在微生物电解池（MEC）中的电流和氢气产生、溶解性有机物和挥发酸的释放和利用及功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,FNA预处理能有效地促进剩余污泥在MEC系统中的水解和酸化,其溶解性糖类、蛋白和挥发酸的含量远高于未预处理组,进而促进了水解发酵菌、产电菌及反硝化菌的生长和富集,最终挥发酸利用率均在97%以上,表现为电流（1.9mA）和氢气（0.86mL/g VSS）的增强,分别是空白组的3.8倍和5.1倍.     

腐殖酸活性组分及其比例对紫色潮土中铅形态转化和有效性演变动态的影响

腐殖酸(HAs)是制约土壤铅赋存形态与活性的重要因素.本研究通过室内模拟实验,结合化学连续提取形态分级方法,探讨HAs活性组分(胡敏酸,HA;富里酸,FA)添加量及其比例(HA/FA比)对紫色潮土中铅赋存形态、有效性变化动态的影响.结果表明:(1)外源铅进入土壤经60d转化平衡后,土壤中交换态、残渣态铅降低,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态铅增加,碳酸盐结合态铅变化不明显.(2)紫色潮土以交换态铅和碳酸盐结合态铅对有效铅贡献最大,HA通过降低碳酸盐结合态而对土壤铅产生钝化作用,FA则通过增加交换态和碳酸盐结合态而活化土壤铅;随着HAs用量的增加,钝化或活化作用越强.当HAs用量为3%C时,添加HA的土壤碳酸盐结合态铅较对照降低13.4个百分点,有效铅相应降低14.19%;添加FA的土壤交换态铅较对照增加13.59个百分点,碳酸盐结合态铅增加2.15个百分点,有效铅较对照相应增加4.09倍.FA(1%C)是土壤铅活化的突变点,当FA1%C时,土壤铅活化百分率增加了14%,土壤铅活性和生物有效性显著增大.(3)等量HAs(1%C)条件下,当HA/FA比≥7/3时,促进土壤铅向低活性的有机结合态和残渣态转化,HAs对土壤铅表现为钝化作用,而当HA/FA比≤5/5时,则表现为活化作用.