两种海藻中MAAs抗氧化活性的研究

对两种海藻(紫菜、江蓠)中MAAs化合物(mycosporine-like amino acicds)的抗氧化活性进行了研究,并利用高效液相色谱法对MAAs化合物中抗氧化活性因子进行了定量解析。结果表明:紫菜和江蓠中的MAAs化合物对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子的生成都有一定的抑制作用,且紫菜抽提物中的MAAs化合物有较好的自由基活性。紫菜中的MAAs化合物对卵磷脂的氧化也具有抑制作用,其作用强度随着浓度的增大而增大,而江蓠抽提物对卵磷脂氧化抑制作用不明显。高效液相色谱检测分析结果显示紫菜MAAs化合物中起抗脂质氧化作用的主要活性成分为porphyra-334,江蓠抗氧化抑制作用不明显的原因为抽提物MAAs化合物中porphyra-334含量过少所致。     

羧酸及其衍生物急性毒性的QSAR研究

基于定量结构-活性相关性(QSAR)原理,研究了27种羧酸及其衍生化合物结构与其急性毒性LC50之间的内在定量关系。应用遗传算法从大量结构参数中优化筛选出与LC50最为密切相关的五个参数作为分子描述符,得出影响羧酸及其衍生物急性毒性的主要结构特征为分子的大小及其空间效应等。分别采用支持向量机(SVM)方法和多元线性回归(MLR)方法建立了相应的QSAR预测模型,并对所建模型分别进行了内部验证和外部验证。结果表明,两种模型均具有较高的稳定性、预测能力及泛化性能。其中,支持向量机模型对训练集和预测集样本的预测平均绝对误差分别为0.149和0.211,优于多元线性回归方法所得结果。     

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2, 4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) of humic acids (HAs) were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong. UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C=C content. The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration. The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B. This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D ⩾ C > A > B, and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.     

Removal of haloacetic acids by nanofiltration

Haloacetic acids, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during drinking water chlorination process are carcinogens. The e cacy of nanofiltration (NF) was examined for the removal of five regulated haloacetic acids (HAA5): chloro-, dichloro-, and trichloro-acetic acid (CAA, DCAA, and TCAA); bromo-, and dibromo-acetic acid (BAA, and DBAA) in synthetic water. NF with the dense negatively charged membrane (ES 10), is the most e cient in removing HAA5 than the loose negatively charged membrane (NTR 7410) and neutral surface membrane (NTR 729HF), due to the greater electrostatic repulsion (Donan exclusion) and sieve e ect. Excellent HAA5 removal e ciency of 90%–100% could be obtained even at a low pressure of 1 105 Pa with ES 10. Changes in cross-flow velocity did not e ect the performance of membranes with a small pore size such as ES 10 and NTR 729HF. The increase in HAA5 concentration exhibited the adverse e ect on the performance of three membranes by strengthening the concentration polarization, which was the driving force for the di usion of HAA anions across the membrane.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital e uent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction （SPE） method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples＇ turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

耐锰菌Fusarium sp.浸出电解锰渣中锰的机制研究

为了探讨耐锰菌Fusarium sp.浸出锰离子的作用机制,对比分析了用Fusarium sp.与外加有机酸浸取后电解锰废渣的表征及锰离子浸出率的变化,重点考察了在Fusarium sp.浸取条件下锰离子浸出率、pH以及部分有机酸含量变化的关系.在锰离子的浸出过程中,当加入Fusarium sp.后,浸取后的电解锰废渣...     

Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China

The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m), showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br- HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 g/L.     

低分子有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用与机制

植物修复是利用植物的物理、化学作用去除污染土壤中重金属的技术方法,可以减少二次污染物的产生,具有经济可行性.低分子有机酸（LMWOAs）具有生物降解性和环境友好性,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有较强的应用潜力.综述了LMWOAs在植物修复中的作用机制,主要包括：①调控根茎叶发育,增加植物生物量,强化植物富集效果;②增强光合作用,提升植物抗性,提高对重金属的耐受能力;③改变根际土壤性质,提高根际微生物活性,促进对重金属的吸收;④改变重金属形态,减轻重金属毒性,提高转运效率.最后阐述了LMWOAs强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的优缺点及应用,提出了LMWOAs在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的研究方向,这对LMWOAs在未来植物修复中的研究和应用具有科学意义.     

离子色谱法应用于杭州地表水中有机酸及无机阴离子分布研究

建立了离子色谱-抑制电导法同时检测杭州市地表水中的有机酸及无机阴离子,并对地表水中有机酸及无机阴离子的含量进行探讨.该方法的重现性(RSD)为0.15％ ～4.92％,相关系数r2为0.9990 ～ 0.9999,加标回收率为84.36％～111.05％,最低检出限为0.003～0.028 mg/L.利用该建立的方法,...     

不同来源腐殖酸对三价锑的光氧化作用及影响因素

三价锑是有毒金属锑生物地球化学循环中的不稳定还原态,其在腐殖酸体系中的光氧化过程可能是水体环境中Sb（Ⅲ）转化的重要途径.通过室内模拟实验,探讨了光照条件下不同来源腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化反应特征,并考察腐殖酸浓度、Sb（Ⅲ）初始浓度、溶液pH值、环境中普遍存在的阴阳离子等环境因素对光氧化作用的影响.结果表明：Sb（Ⅲ）在腐殖酸溶液中的光化学反应过程符合准一级动力学规律.反应体系中腐殖酸浓度的升高有利于促进Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用,而Sb（Ⅲ）初始浓度增加则抑制其光氧化作用,Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化速率常数随溶液pH值的升高而逐渐增大,褐煤来源腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化速率常数高于土壤来源腐殖酸.水环境中NO₃^-的存在促进了腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用,而Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Na⁺未对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用产生显著影响.羟基和超氧自由基是Sb（Ⅲ）光氧化反应中的主要活性基团,其中在酸性条件下,羟基自由基对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化反应起主导作用,而在中性和碱性条件下超氧自由基起主要作用.