南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸昼夜变化研究

2002年3月14-19日在南京大学校园内进行了为期1周的采样,用以研究大气气溶胶PM_2.5中的低分子量(C₂～C₁₀)二元羧酸的昼夜变化规律.结果表明,南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的夜间质量浓度(平均为460ng/m3)普遍高于相应的白天质量浓度(平均为350 ng/m3).草酸是含量最高的二元羧酸,其次是丁二酸与丙二酸,这3种二元羧酸占所检测到的水溶性有机酸总量的89%.由C3/C4(ρ(丙二酸)/ρ(丁二酸))(平均为1.00)可以判断采样期间气溶胶中有机酸主要来源于大气的光化学氧化反应,从C6/C9(ρ(己二酸)/ρ(壬二酸))(平均为0.88)可以认为生物源是有机酸的一个重要来源.      

3种典型消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的影响

本文研究了消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的作用.分别选取三卤甲烷类(THMs)、卤乙酸类(HAAs)以及醛类消毒副产物中典型物质一氯二溴甲烷(CDBM)、碘乙酸(IAA)和水合三氯乙醛(CH),研究了细菌经消毒副产物染毒之后,对多种抗生素的抗性变化情况.结果发现,3种消毒副产物均可以诱导野生型铜绿假单胞菌提高对5种受试抗生素的抗性,提高作用IAACHCDBM.IAA对多重抗性也具有一定的提高作用.野生型大肠杆菌的抗生素抗性同样能够被DBPs诱导提高,说明DBPs对抗性的影响具有普遍性.其作用机制可能是DBPs通过氧化胁迫机制诱导细菌发生突变,进而提高细菌抗生素抗性.本研究表明饮用水系统中部分细菌抗生素抗性的获得可能与消毒副产物有关;除毒理学风险外,消毒副产物的流行病学风险同样不容忽视.     

水中腐殖酸对高级氧化联用技术去除内分泌干扰物（DMP）的影响

使用腐殖酸模拟本底天然有机物进行试验,采用UV-H₂O₂、O₃、UV-O₃3种高级氧化工艺,研究了水中腐殖酸对3种高级氧化联用技术去除饮用水中内分泌干扰物(DMP)的影响.结果表明,UV-H₂O₂联用工艺氧化DMP的过程符合伪一级反应动力学,水中腐殖酸的存在对UV-H₂O₂联用工艺氧化DMP的影响非常大,伪一级反应的速率常数与本底TOC值的关系式为K=0.162 0[TOC]₀^{-0.817 1};同时水中腐殖酸对UV-O₃联用工艺氧化DMP的效果影响比较大,而总体上腐殖酸对O₃氧化DMP的去除影响不大.从效果分析知,在一定浓度腐殖酸本底条件下单独O₃氧化和UV-O₃联用工艺对DMP的氧化均以O₃分子对DMP的氧化起主导作用,当腐殖酸浓度变小,UV-O₃联用工艺体系中.OH自由基氧化DMP的重要性增大.水中腐殖酸对3种高级氧化工艺的影响程度顺序依次为:UV-H₂O₂>UV-O₃>O₃.     

全国自来水厂卤乙酸浓度调查、风险评估与标准建议

采用高特异性和高灵敏度的UPLC-MS/MS方法对中国34个城市的117个自来水厂出水中9种卤乙酸进行检测,其中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的检出率和检出浓度最高,检出率分别为78.6%和81.2%,平均浓度分别为3.47μg/L和3.31μg/L.风险评价结果表明,二氯乙酸导致我国饮用水致癌风险的期望值为5.72′10-6,处于较低风险水平;全国只有1.7%水厂出水TCAA浓度超过20μg/L的健康指导值.在风险评价的基础上结合我国水厂的卤乙酸浓度数据,建议我国饮用水的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸标准分别修改为16μg/L和20μg/L.     

Removal of haloacetic acids by nanofiltration

Haloacetic acids, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during drinking water chlorination process are carcinogens. The e cacyof nanofiltration (NF) was examined for the removal of five regulated haloacetic acids (HAA5): chloro-, dichloro-, and trichloro-aceticacid (CAA, DCAA, and TCAA); bromo-, and dibromo-acetic acid (BAA, and DBAA) in synthetic water. NF with the dense negativelycharged membrane (ES 10), is the most e cient in removing HAA5 than the loose negatively charged membrane (NTR 7410) andneutral surface membrane (NTR 729HF), due to the greater electrostatic repulsion (Donan exclusion) and sieve e ect. Excellent HAA5removal e ciency of 90%–100% could be obtained even at a low pressure of 1 105 Pa with ES 10. Changes in cross-flow velocity didnot e ect the performance of membranes with a small pore size such as ES 10 and NTR 729HF. The increase in HAA5 concentrationexhibited the adverse e ect on the performance of three membranes by strengthening the concentration polarization, which was thedriving force for the di usion of HAA anions across the membrane.     

淹水厌氧条件下腐殖酸对红壤中铁异化还原过程的影响

采用室内培养实验,观测淹水厌氧条件下分别添加及共同添加葡萄糖和不同制备来源的腐殖酸,对红壤中铁的异化还原作用的影响.结果表明,红壤单独培养条件下,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度培养前后没有发生变化.添加葡萄糖促进了铁的异化还原,培养至12 d其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为培养前的25倍.腐殖酸不能作为电子供体促进铁的异化还原,单独添加时红壤中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度没有发生变化,而同时添加葡萄糖情况下,培养前期促进而后期减弱铁的异化还原,其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度增幅仅为单独添加葡萄糖处理的35%.腐殖酸的浓度对红壤中铁的异化还原作用有影响,浓度为2.00 g/kg时培养前期促进而后期减弱铁的异化还原,低浓度时（0.20和0.02 g/kg）影响很小.不同制备来源的腐殖酸对红壤中铁异化还原过程的影响不同.培养前期,从山西大同风化煤(HAs)、河南巩县褐煤(HAh)和云南昆明滇池底泥(HAk)中提取的腐殖酸都促进了红壤中铁的异化还原;培养后期,HAk依然发挥促进作用,其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度始终高于G处理,而添加HAs和HAh的处理培养至7 d Fe(Ⅱ)仅为单独添加葡萄糖处理的14%和25%,减弱了铁的异化还原.     

低分子有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用与机制

植物修复是利用植物的物理、化学作用去除污染土壤中重金属的技术方法,可以减少二次污染物的产生,具有经济可行性.低分子有机酸（LMWOAs）具有生物降解性和环境友好性,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有较强的应用潜力.综述了LMWOAs在植物修复中的作用机制,主要包括：①调控根茎叶发育,增加植物生物量,强化植物富集效果;②增强光合作用,提升植物抗性,提高对重金属的耐受能力;③改变根际土壤性质,提高根际微生物活性,促进对重金属的吸收;④改变重金属形态,减轻重金属毒性,提高转运效率.最后阐述了LMWOAs强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的优缺点及应用,提出了LMWOAs在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的研究方向,这对LMWOAs在未来植物修复中的研究和应用具有科学意义.     

SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

Intrinsic degradation of volatile fatty acids in laboratory-compacted clayey soil

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) represent the major organic constituent of landfill leachate and provide the greatest potential for leachate induced organic contamination of groundwater (e.g. as represented by an increase in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand). Long-term diffusion tests were performed for laboratory-compacted clayey soil plugs exposed to continuous supply of synthetic leachate containing VFAs. Significant microbial activity developed upon exposure of the soil's indigenous microorganisms to these degradable contaminants. The growth of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB, which include facultative anaerobes), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic bacteria carrying out fermentation and mineralization of the VFAs became evident after 30-50 days of testing. The maximum microbial counts of (2-8) x 10(8) and (0.1-1) x 10(8) cfu/g for HAB and SRB were localized in the soil layer at the interface with the source of organic and inorganic nutrients. Regardless of this rapid growth in microbial population, the VFA consumption was small and measurable only after a lag of 140-180 days. It is considered that this lag of otherwise readily degradable organic compounds (such as VFAs) persisted due to a combination of the effects of a high initial concentration of these acids (2.4 g/l as dissolved organic carbon, DOC) applied to carbon starved soil microorganisms and the small pore size of the compacted clay. Once the significant amounts of gas were generated from fermentation, conditions developed for improved mass transport and exchange of the nutrients and bacteria and the outcome of the intrinsic degradation was more apparent. The breakdown of VFAs that followed after the lag was localized near the top of the soil and was characterized by a short half-life of 0.75-5 days for DOC (total VFAs as dissolved organic carbon).