隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

人为干扰对川西亚高山针叶林土壤物理性质的影响

研究了川西亚高山针叶人工林在几种不同强度人为干扰下林地土壤物理性质。结果表明，随人为干扰强度的增加，土壤中细土（粉粒、粘粒）和大团聚体数量减少，小团聚体和原生土壤颗粒增加；土壤表层孔隙度减小，尤其是大孔隙明显减少；土壤有效水降低，持水供水能力减弱，渗透系数减小。川西亚高山人工针叶林土壤生态功能随人为干扰强度的增加而减弱，建议在最易受人为干扰的造林地区，最好是在造林初期封山育林。图1表5参13     

三倍体毛白杨引种育苗试验研究

采用2000年引进的三倍数体毛白杨73、80、96、330、331及本地繁育的303、304、305等品种在不同土壤上进行育苗、造林试验.育苗试验表明:土壤质地及肥力对育苗成活率无明显影响,成活率引最高69.4%,苗木高、径生长8月达到高峰,最高达0.93 m (331号)和0.51 cm (96号);造林试验表明:造林成活率与土壤湿度、地下水位密切相关,生长量与品种及土质密切相关,造林密度为89-110株/667㎡,截干高度1.8-2.3 m为宜,综合表现以96号最佳.     

2种常规水稻Cd、Zn吸收与器官分配的生育期变化：品种、土壤和Cd处理的影响

Cd在土壤-作物-膳食食物链中的迁移是人类对环境Cd暴露及其健康风险的主要途径,而水稻是子粒Cd积累最强的大宗作物之一.采用全生育期淹水盆栽试验研究了2种常规水稻(高Cd吸收品种“苏香粳1号”和低Cd吸收品种“99-22”)在添加Cd(2mg·kg-1)和不添加Cd处理下对2种土壤(红沙泥田,乌栅土)中Cd、Zn的吸收及其生育期变化.结果表明:1)常规水稻对Cd、Zn的吸收积累受土壤、品种和外源Cd的影响.Cd处理、土壤、品种间的正交互作用(高Cd吸收品种植于高Cd处理且Cd有效性高的红壤中)使常规稻植株Cd/Zn比成数十倍提高,从而使子粒Cd/Zn比产生强烈升高;2)水稻对Cd、Zn的吸收强度因不同生育期而异,Cd吸收的主要时期是分蘖期和成熟期,而Zn吸收的主要时期则是分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期.在整个生育期中,水稻Cd吸收伴随着对Zn的排斥现象,这在高Cd吸收下尤为强烈;3)水稻各器官对Cd、Zn的吸收分配无论是同品种的生育期间抑或同生育期时的不同品种间均有显著差异.Cd积累量为根系>穗粒>茎叶,而Zn却表现为茎叶>根系、穗粒.观察到水稻吸收的Cd在生育后期向穗粒的强烈运移.相对于低Cd吸收品种来说,Cd向穗粒转运较强,而Zn的转运较弱是高Cd吸收品种子粒Cd积累强而Cd/Zn比高的植株因素.     

云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析

磷高效水稻培育是提高土壤潜在磷利用效率的一种途径,通过对云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析,可以明确耐低磷特性主基因的存在、对数及遗传效应的大小,为磷高效育种提供理论依据。本试验通过云南主栽粳稻品种合系35(Oryza sativa)与耐低磷极强早旱谷(Oryza sativa)配制P1、P2、F1、F2或F3世代,在云南省农科院进行低磷胁迫试验,对耐低磷鉴定和主基因加多基因联合遗传分析,结果表明:早旱谷的分蘖和株穗产量基因受两对主效基因 多基因相互配合遗传控制的,两对主基因间存在上位性效应,两主基因间效应差异较大。分蘖力F2主基因遗传率为58.82%~72.13%,F3主基因遗传率为45.88%~57.96%;株穗产量F2主基因遗传率60.94%~83.08%,F3主基因遗传率为62.20%~75.80%。因此育种中应当充分重视主基因的利用,利用主基因应以第一对主基因的加性效应为主,对后代耐低磷性状的选择宜从F2代开始,杂交的后期世代也要注意耐性的选择。     

Disturbance-Mediated Mammal Persistence and Abundance-Area Relationships in Amazonian Forest Fragments

Abstract:  Few researchers have investigated the synergistic effects of tropical forest fragmentation and disturbance on species persistence and abundance. We examined effects of both forest-patch metrics and forest disturbance in determining richness and abundance of midsized to large-bodied mammal species in a highly fragmented Amazonian forest landscape. Twenty-one forest fragments, ranging from 2 to 14,480 ha, and two continuous forest sites were sampled based on sightings, tracks, line-transect censuses, armadillo burrow censuses, and camera trapping. Patch occupancy of 37 species recorded ranged from 4% to all forest sites surveyed. Forest fragment size was the strongest predictor of species persistence, explaining 90% of the variation in species richness. Information-theoretic analysis confirmed that fragment area was the most important explanatory variable for the overall species richness and abundance of mammal species, followed by surface fires, which affected the abundance of seven species. Large mammal species were typically absent from fragments <100 ha, whereas some ubiquitous species were favored by fragmentation, exhibiting hyperabundance in small patches. Our findings highlight the importance of large (>10,000 ha), relatively undisturbed forest patches to maximize persistence and maintain baseline abundances of Neotropical forest mammal species.     

Influences of Microhabitat Constraints and Rock-Climbing Disturbance on Cliff-Face Vegetation Communities

Abstract:  Many researchers report that rock climbing has significant negative effects on cliff biota. Most work on climbing disturbance, however, has not controlled for variation in microsite characteristics when comparing areas with and without climbing presence. Additionally, some researchers do not identify the style or difficulty level of climbing routes sampled or select climbing routes that do not represent current trends in the sport. We solved these problems by sampling climbing areas used by advanced "sport" climbers and quantifying differences in microtopography between climbed and control cliffs. We determined whether differences in vegetation existed between pristine and sport-climbed cliff faces when microsite factors were not controlled. We then determined the relative influence of the presence of climbing, cliff-face microtopography, local physical factors, and regional geography on the richness, abundance, and community composition of cliff-face vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens. When we did not control for microsite differences among cliffs, our results were consistent with the majority of prior work on impacts of climbing (i.e., sport-climbed cliff faces supported a lower mean richness of vascular plants and bryophytes and significantly different frequencies of individual species when compared with pristine cliff faces). When we investigated the relative influences of microtopography and climbing disturbance, however, the differences in vegetation were not related to climbing disturbance but rather to the selection by sport climbers of cliff faces with microsite characteristics that support less vegetation. Climbed sites had not diverged toward a separate vegetation community; instead, they supported a subset of the species found on pristine cliff faces. Prior management recommendations to restrict development of new climbing routes should be reevaluated based on our results.     

耕地土壤碳固存的措施与潜力

土壤CO2排放与土壤退化、土壤有机质(SOC)含量减少和土壤质量下降密切相关。耕地具有较大的碳固存潜力。通过采用最佳管理措施(BMPs)和进行土壤修复来提高土壤质量，能增加SOC含量和提高土壤生产力，并能部分起到减缓温室效应的作用。文章从土壤固碳的机制入手，系统总结了在耕作土壤碳固存方面的研究。从土壤侵蚀控制、退化土壤修复、保护性耕作、残落物管理，改善农作物制度等方面，论述了耕地的固碳潜力，并提出了一系列实现碳固存的措施。最后估算出耕地土壤总的固碳潜力为0．73～0．87Pg/a。研究表明,在替代性能源开发之前，耕地碳固存是一项切实可行的措施。     

An empirical analysis of economic strategies for controlling air pollution

In evaluating current environmental protection policy, economists often note that current regulations are more costly than necessary to meet environmental quality standards. While the a priori case is strong that current regulatory approaches are resulting in higher-than-necessary costs to attain environmental standards, there is relatively little empirical evidence to support this claim. The purpose of this paper is to supply some of the missing evidence by presenting the results of one study that assesses some of the potential savings associated with implementing economic, rather than command-and-control, regulatory approaches to abate one type of air pollution in one region of the country. Specifically, the paper examines the costs of meeting a prospective short-term standard for nitrogen dioxide under a range of alternative emissions control strategies for stationary sources of nitrogen oxide emissions in the Chicago Air Quality Control Region. The alternative strategies that are considered range from those that might result under current regulatory policy to those that economic policy approaches (such as emissions charges or marketable permits) are designed to implement. The analysis shows that the most efficient program of emissions controls may be more than an order of magnitude less costly than current regulatory strategies, and that economic approaches have additional advantages over more conventional regulatory approaches.     

试论投资项目环境评价的理论基础

对投资项目进行环境影响评价是人类社会发展的必然产物,是人类实现可持续发展的必然要求,是有效解决人类生态困境的根本性环节之一.目前对投资项目的环境影响评价明显不足,现阶段,应加强其理论基础的研究.以可持续发展为目标对环境生态学、环境经济学和环境系统科学等相关理论进行深入的研究,并采取相应措施是进行有效环境影响评价的重要保证.