Institutional constraints to adaptive capacity: adaptability to climate change in the Norwegian electricity sector

This article contributes to the understanding of adaptive capacity within national sectors by utilising two perspectives from institutional theory. Resting on data from 21 interviews the paper analyses the Norwegian electricity sector and the influence on adaptive capacity to climate change from changes in formal structure and institutional culture. The sector underwent transformational change between the beginning of the 1980s and mid-2000s, with the reform from 1991 as a watershed, and gradual consolidation from about 2000. From a self-regulated vertically integrated sector with an emphasis on robustness of supply the sector changed into a liberalised and unbundled structure, with economic efficiency as the guiding principle. These changes reduced adaptive capacity to climate change. After 2000, gradually adaptive capacity has increased somewhat. The paper argues that also social contextual factors need to be taken account of, both to understand adaptive capacity to climate change and to provide practitioners with an ability to increase it.     

Pathways of adaptation of common dandelion cenopopulations to long-term chemical and radiation influences

A comparative study of the seed progeny of dandelions was performed with samples from cenopopulations growing for a long time under conditions of radioactive contamination (the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace, EURT) or chemical pollution (the impact zone of the Nizhnii Tagil Metallurgical Plant, NTMP). The viability of seeds proved to decrease in a similar way along with an increase in technogenic pressure, irrespective of its nature. Experiments on acute exposure to heavy metals and γ-irradiation made it possible to reveal the adaptive capacities of the seed progeny from each cenopopulation. The background sample (formed beyond the zone of any impact) was relatively resistant to irradiation and very sensitive to heavy metals. The cenopopulations from the EURT and NTMP zones manifested nonspecific responses to the effects of both habitual and new factors.     

Protective effect of weak pulsed magnetic fields on early ontogeny of tugun Coregonus tugun (Pallas) under conditions of chronic oil pollution

The state of internal organs in tugun larvae was analyzed histologically in the intact (control) group, the group treated with a water-soluble oil fraction (WSOF) in fivefold excess over the maximum allowable concentration, and the group exposed in a weak pulsed magnetic field at the stage of hatching, prior to treatment with WSOF. Larvae of the second group had severe pathologies of inner organs that caused 100% mortality before the age of 15 days, but no pathomorphological changes in the organs of larvae and juvenile fish of the third group were revealed for up to 40 days. Probable causes of high resistance to the toxic agent in fish of the experimental group are discussed.     

我国矿难多发的原因

介绍了我国煤炭业的安全现状,分析了我国矿难多发的几个主要原因.认为责、权、利的不平衡、安全投入不足和严重超产、监管机制的无力、粗放的经济增长模式和教育理念的误导是造成矿难的主要因素,但深层原因是矿工的弱势身份地位,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策.     

张集矿井下排水处理工艺设计

详尽介绍了煤矿井下排水处理工艺的设计状况，对其设计的运行状况、经济效益进行了分析，该设计对于煤矿井下排水有很强的实用性。     

Methodological convergence as an issue within environmental cognition research

Two perspectives in the analysis of pointing and mapping tasks as the measure of representations of the large-scale environment are examined. These two perspectives are: (1) an individual difference approach; and (2) a cognitive representational approach. Convergence between methods assessing the same geographical/spatial knowledge is necessary as evidence for the existence of unified cognitive-spatial representations of the environment.Three sets of analyses interrelate performance on pointing and mapping tasks. In the first analysis, a confirmatory factor analytic model is applied to short tests of pointing and mapping accuracy to determine whether one or two factors are needed to account for covariation between the tests. In the second analysis, covariation among errors in pointing and mapping of specific locations is partitioned into general and specific method factors using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. In the third analysis, pointing errors for identical locations within the mapping and pointing tasks are directly compared on the basis of directional errors.The three analyses indicate that: (1) tests of pointing and mapping measure highly related abilities; (2) the targets used in pointing and mapping tasks are of differential importance in identifying general and specific method factors; and (3) there is little or no direct correspondence between directional errors made in pointing tasks and those occurring in mapping tasks for the same locations.When results of the three analyses are examined in relationship to criteria for convergence of pointing and mapping tasks, little evidence is found to suggest that directional errors in these tasks arise from a unified mental representation of the geographical environment. However, substantial predictable individual differences are apparent for both tasks.     

Monitoring a Recent Delta Formation in a Tropical Coastal Wetland Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Case Study: Guapo River Delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela

The integrated use of remotely sensed data and GIS to monitor a rapid recent delta formation was undertaken in the Tacarigua Lagoon, a mangrove coastal protected wetland in the north-central coast of Venezuela. Recently, the resource value of coastal wetlands such as coastal lagoons and deltas, has brought about a need to protect and conserve these ecosystems. To that end, valuable resources such as these should be continuously monitored so that temporal changes in their environment can be analysed. The importance of determining the cause, extent, and spatial distribution of these changes can then be used in different aspects of environmental studies, land suitability analyses and for wise resource management. Aerospace data interpretation and a field survey were utilised to study the formation of the Guapo River delta within the Tacarigua Lagoon and to map the expansion that this depositional environment has undergone. A historical set of aerial photographs and a radar image, together with a GIS, were used to assess the growth of the delta from the beginning of its formation up to the present time.     

风浪模拟扰动下梅梁湾沉积物的实验研究

在太湖梅梁湾采取沉积物原状芯样,利用沉积物再悬浮振荡器,以100r/min的步长逐步增大隔栅的振荡频率使其在0-800r/min范围内振荡,进行0-0.53N/m2底部切应力条件下的沉积物悬浮模拟实验,揭示上覆水中悬浮颗粒物(SPM)、上覆水中可溶性磷(SRP)以及因扰动引起悬浮的颗粒物生物可利用磷(BAP)与切应力水平之间的关系。扰动实验结果表明:(1)上覆水中SPM的含量随切应力的增加而增大,呈现指数上升趋势,采样点沉积物的临界切应力为0.12N/m2。(2)扰动过程中,上覆水中的SRP含量随切应力增加而增大,悬浮颗粒物BAP的含量随切应力的增加而减小,且较大的切应力对SRP和BAP含量产生的影响程度明显大于较小的切应力。(3)上覆水中SRP的含量在临界切应力0.12N/m2后明显上升,悬浮颗粒物BAP的含量在临界切应力0.12N/m2时急剧下降,临界切应力对悬浮过程中营养盐磷的释放影响很大。     

湿地退耕还湿与替代生计选择的农民响应研究——以三江自然保护区为例

通过对三江自然保护区核心区内6个村屯和实验区内5个村屯的310家农户家庭就退耕还湿和替代生计选择的问卷调查分析发现,在退耕还湿问题上,不同区域位置、年龄结构和耕地拥有量决定了他们对退耕还湿支持意愿的不同,表现在实验区内的农民和农民中的年轻人支持率要高,耕地在6~12hm²之间的农民支持率最低;农民反对退耕还湿的原因和农民接受退耕还湿的补偿选择都凝结着农民对现有耕地及补偿制度的思考。在替代生计选择上,当地居民没有明确的目标,多倾向于有保障的种植业调整。研究表明:农民对退耕还湿的支持主要取决于能否保证自身的经济利益,并且与农民的收入来源和谋生能力有关;替代生计发展的不健全和不稳定,使得农民仍把土地作为重要的生活保障。缺乏明确的退耕还湿补偿制度和替代生计引导是退耕还湿实施的制度障碍和政策缺失;基于当地农民考虑,提出了核心区生态移民、缓冲区传统农业改造和实验区多元化产业发展总体替代生计模式。     

江苏长江口毗邻海域污染现状及防治计划

介绍了江苏长江口毗邻海域的规划范围,对规划范围内的工业污染源排放量、城市与农村生活污染源排放量、农业污染源排放量进行了计算,得出江苏长江口毗邻海域污染物COD,TN,TP的主要来源,并提出了相应的污染防治计划。