倒焰窑烟尘治理的实践与理论分析

燃煤烟气的组成和特性决定了治理倒焰窑烟气难度很大。本研究通过采用CAO型燃煤装置进行倒焰窑烟尘治理 ,说明改变煤的燃烧状态使其完全燃烧才是节约能源 ,解决燃煤烟气污染使烟气达标排放的正确途径     

Effects of Warming Conditions in Eastern North American Forests on Red-Backed Salamander Morphology

Abstract:  Several studies have reported climate-associated changes in phenotypically plastic traits of amphibians, yet it remains unknown whether amphibians can manifest an evolutionary response to global climate change at the rate and magnitude that it is occurring. To assess this issue, we examined temporal change in the morphology of the red-backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ), a small, abundant woodland salamander distributed widely in eastern North America with two distinct morphotypes: striped individuals associated with cooler microclimates and unstriped individuals associated with warmer microclimates. We compiled morph frequencies for 50,960 individual salamanders from 558 sites as recorded in the published literature and in unpublished field notes of herpetologists between 1908 and 2004. We observed that striping probability increased with increasing latitude, longitude, and elevation and decreased (from 80% to 74% range wide) with time. The combined forces of regional climate warming and, particularly, forest disturbance have evidently been sufficient to cause morphological evolution in this amphibian over the last century.     

Response of American redstarts (suborder Passeri) and least flycatchers (suborder Tyranni) to heterospecific playback: the role of song in aggressive interactions and interference competition

Least flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) and American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) overlap in the use of food resources on their breeding grounds, promoting high levels of interspecific aggression by the socially dominant flycatcher. We examined the role of song in this interspecific aggression by using repeated-measures-designed playback experiments and observational data on induced aggressive interactions. Flycatchers were more likely to approach the speaker during presentation of redstart song than during intervals of no song or presentation of control song. Approach was close enough to enable visual contact with a singing redstart. In contrast, redstarts made significantly fewer flights following presentation of flycatcher song, when risk of flycatcher attack may be greatest. Reducing the number of flights likely reduces the risk of flycatcher attack on the redstart, as flycatchers do not attack stationary redstart models and are apparently dependent on cues from redstart flight for visual heterospecific recognition. Flycatcher-specific responses of redstarts and marked differences in song morphology rule out misdirected intraspecific aggression as a proximate or ultimate cause of interspecific response to song. Results indicate that song is an important component in aggressive interactions between these two species, and reflect the dominant role of the flycatcher in such interactions. Our results also illustrate the capacity for interspecific interference competition to influence behavior and heterospecific song recognition in two distant avian taxa. Received: 10 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 8 June 1996     

南洞庭湖湿地鱼类生境景观变化及其人为驱动

通过实地调查和制图分析,研究1983~2013年南洞庭湖区万子湖湿地和鱼类生境景观变化及其人为驱动,结果表明:湿地洲滩面积由1.410×104 hm2增加到2.135×104 hm2,敞水面面积由1.363×104 hm2减少到0.631×104 hm2;芦苇洲减少,但林地由0.056×104 hm2增加到0.728×104 hm2并扩展到保护区核心区;新增泥围21个、网围10个,引淤、沥水排水设施长度增加了201.71km。人为干扰对景观变化有极大影响,其中引种意大利杨及芦苇改变了地形和群落结构,挤占了自然演替条件下应有的草洲景观空间,使鱼类产卵、索饵的适宜生境减少;泥围作为有害渔法,与网围都处于建设发展阶段,占据了草洲、洼地等鱼类产卵、索饵的适宜生境;引淤渠建设使大面积湖泊快速淤积成洲,将水生生态景观转变为大多数时间干露的以陆相生态景观为主的水陆相生态景观,鱼类生境被压缩,并对南洞庭自然保护区核心区继续发挥促淤作用。     

湖泊沉积物短时间反复扰动下悬浮物上生物有效磷的动态变化

以太湖梅梁湾、月亮湾的沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了较短时间尺度和沉积物反复扰动条件下,悬浮物中不同形态生物有效磷数量分布的变化特征.结果表明,随着扰动次数的增加,上覆水中藻类可利用磷(AAP)占溶解态总磷(DTP)的百分比均有所降低.试验期间,悬浮物中弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)占总磷(Tot-P)的百分比平均值分别增加了3.5%、37.3%(梅梁湾)和2.0%、50.7%(月亮湾).梅梁湾悬浮物上AAP含量及其占Tot-P的百分比随扰动次数增加而增加,月亮湾则恰好相反.扰动期间,悬浮物上BAPP含量始终大于NH4Cl-P和AAP之和,表明BAPP的80%是由NH4Cl-P和AAP组成的.这也暗示了,仅仅以悬浮物中NH4Cl-P、AAP来估算BAPP存在一定的不合理性.     

乌鲁木齐市“煤改气”后治理大气污染关键措施研究

大气污染一直制约着乌鲁木齐市社会经济文化发展。中央新疆工作座谈会以来,乌鲁木齐市"煤改气"工程,环境空气质量明显好转。但是,燃煤、扬尘、机动车尾气等污染源依然存在,持续改善环境空气质量,依然任重道远。为此本文针对乌鲁木齐市"煤改气"后治理大气污染关键措施展开研究。     

降低PM2.5健康风险的行为选择及支付意愿——以北京市居民为例

本文运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了北京市居民对大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)健康风险的认知状况、行为选择及降低健康风险的支付意愿。结果表明:182.5%的居民认为北京市空气污染较为严重,52.4%的居民知道雾霾天气是由PM2.5引起的并认为其会对自己和家人的健康带来影响,92%的居民认为政府应该承担更多降低PM2.5健康风险的责任。2在降低风险的行为中,能够节省生活成本、有益于身心健康的生活方式和符合日常生活习惯的行为得到了最积极的响应,而会降低居民生活舒适性和增加生活成本的行为支持率相对较低。3在降低30%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为22.78元/月;在降低60%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为39.82元/月。而且,居民的个体特征、经济条件、居住位置、交通方式、认知水平及风险沟通等因素,都对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿产生显著影响。     

水体扰动条件下物质在沉积介质中的迁移

为了研究在上覆水体扰动条件下物质在沉积介质中的迁移,本实验建立了简单的沉积物再悬浮发生装置,并分别利用不同粒径大小的沙粒作为均质沉积物,同时利用500μg·cm-3的溶解性罗丹明B作为示踪剂,观察在紊流扰动条件下物质在不同的均匀沉积介质中的迁移情况.结果表明,在粒径不同的各类沉积介质中,由于不同颗粒的孔隙度、渗透率不同,在各沉积介质中形成的孔隙水压力差产生了孔隙水对流现象,从而导致了物质在多孔介质中发生垂向或水平迁移,并且其平均迁移速度受到染色剂的埋深和多孔介质的粒径大小的影响.而在均匀的沉积层中,200 r·min-1的扰动主要影响各沉积介质中物质的垂向迁移,并且当适当增加介质的粒径时,这种垂向对流迁移现象相对增强.     

涉水行业生态影响特点及环境影响评价方法研究

本文分析了国内外涉水行业生态环境影响评价进展,指出涉水行业具有生态环境脆弱、生态系统类型复杂、生态系统敏感等特点,存在工程主体对周边环境影响评价不足、管理层面有效降低生态影响措施较少、评价深度不够、规划综合考虑不足等问题,并分类别提出了对策措施,为今后的涉水行业环境影响评价工作提供借鉴。     

牛栏江——滇池补水工程生态保护与污染防治研究

研究了牛栏江水质现状,以及流域存在的主要生态和环境问题,提出了确保牛栏江-滇池补水工程水质安全达标的生态保护与污染防治综合对策措施。