半干旱黄土区退耕还林十年植被恢复变化分析——以陕西吴起县为例

黄土高原退耕还林（草）政策实施已逾10 a,了解植被恢复变化状况及存在的问题,对于制定和完善生态环境治理方略具有重要意义。以吴起县为例,基于实地调查及遥感等数据,对退耕还林（草）以来植被覆盖度、主要植被类型变化及不同立地条件下植被恢复变化的差异进行了定量分析。结果表明：2000年至2009年,植被覆盖度大于30%的面积在全县总面积中的比例由不足1%上升至91.96%;其中缓坡立地类型上的乔灌林地类型面积增长最为显著,而阳向陡坡等恶劣生境下的植被恢复缓慢;有林地、灌木林地及疏林地均呈现规模增大趋势,属扩张状态;中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、坡耕地及耕地呈现规模减少趋势,属缩减状态。     

秸秆还田对连作棉田土壤酶活性的影响

新疆棉区普遍实行秸秆还田,棉田土壤酶活性受到连作障碍的负面效应与长期秸秆还田培肥地力的正面效应的双重影响;通过定点微区实验,对比秸秆还田和未秸秆还田土壤酶活性的变化趋势,研究连作条件下秸秆还田与否对棉田土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：实行秸秆还田后,土壤脲酶活性随着连作年限的延长先降后升,连作不超过10 a,土壤脲酶活性呈现下降趋势,超过10 a逐渐上升;实行秸秆还田后蔗糖酶活性在R5和R10处理较R1有较大幅度的下降,降幅分别为48.4%和44.8%,连作10 a后蔗糖酶活性增强,土壤状况趋于好转;过氧化氢酶活性随连作年限的延长先降低后升高,短期连作土壤过氧化氢酶活性较低,过氧化氢分解受阻,影响棉花的正常生长,连作年限超过10 a过氧化氢酶活性升高,解毒能力较强,加快分解过氧化氢,有利于减轻过氧化氢的毒害作用;过氧化物酶活性随着连作年限的延长持续上升,其中R5、R10、R15和R20过氧化物酶活性分别比R1增加了4.8%、7.9%、19%和29.6%。     

三峡库区兰陵溪小流域养分流失特征

三峡库区蓄水后,库区部分支流速度变缓,小流域面源污染已经成为库区面临的重要环境问题.本文以兰陵溪小流域的一个封闭式集水区为研究对象,监测集水区尺度典型降雨条件下氮磷流失的过程和负荷,比较不同养分流失途径,结果表明:①TN的浓度随着径流量的增加的逐渐降低,降雨停止后缓慢上升,而TP的浓度随着径流量的增加而迅速升高,降雨停止后则迅速下降;②TN的负荷流失过程和降雨量关系较为密切,TP的负荷流失受降雨强度影响较大,N素的流失以溶解态为主,而P素则以颗粒态为主;③地表径流是研究区P素和N素流失主要途径,同时壤中流对N素流失的影响也非常大;④N和P各形态的流失负荷与径流量均呈显著的线性关系;⑤集水区TP的年流失负荷为28.94 kg·(a·km2)-1,TN的年流失负荷为1 040.41 kg·(a·km2)-1。     

利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.     

Residents'''' Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environmental deterioration, residents' desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents' WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incentive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

Impacts of Fire-Suppression Activities on Natural Communities

Abstract:  The ecological impacts of wildland fire-suppression activities can be significant and may surpass the impacts of the fire itself. A recent paradigm shift from fire control to fire management has resulted in increased attention to minimizing the negative effects of suppression. While the philosophy behind minimum-impact suppression tactics has provided a good first step in this direction, increased attention to the ecological effects of suppression is needed, especially in the management of public lands. We reviewed the potential impacts of suppression on land, air, and water resources and the impacts of using fire to help control fire. Effects on land resources include erosion, which is exacerbated by the construction of fire lines, temporary roads, and helicopter pads, and some postfire rehabilitation activities. Although the fire itself is the most obvious source of air pollution, the vehicles used in suppression activities contribute to this problem and to noise pollution. Water resources, including aquatic flora and fauna, may be seriously affected by suppression activities that can increase erosion, sedimentation, turbidity, and chemical contamination. Finally, the use of backburns and burnout operations contributes to the risk of soil and water contamination, increases the total area burned, and promotes more intense fires or more homogeneous burned areas. Although no fire-management strategy should be applied uniformly, some general techniques such as use of natural clearings, natural barriers, and appropriately sized fire lines, "leave no-trace" camping, and careful application of fuels and retardants can be employed to minimize the impacts of suppression.     

Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

中国PM2.5人口暴露风险时空格局

采用PM_2.5和人口格网数据，计算了2000~2016年中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险值，并利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、标准偏差和Hurst指数等，分析了17a间中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险的时空变化特征.结果表明：①17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧差异巨大，东部高、西部低，东部多年风险均值为2.787，西部为0.065；②17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧的变化幅度具有较显著差异，西部整体呈下降趋势，而在2011年和2015年有明显回升，东部自2001年迅速增加且保持平稳状态，直至2015年出现大幅度回落.③PM_2.5人口暴露风险的稳定性与持续性差异显著，东部以不稳定与弱反持续性为主，西部则以稳定与强反持续性为主要特征.④暴露等级为危险与极危险水平下的人口总量与人口密度在空间上呈现出东部高西部低的分布状态.     

C2H6/CO2组分构成对瓦斯着火延迟时间的影响规律研究

为进一步研究多种不同性质的气体对瓦斯着火过程的影响,采用CHEMKIN-PRO Release软件,选择CH_4燃烧化学反应机理USC Mech 2.0模型对不同组分构成的C_2H_6/CO_2与甲烷混合气体进行数值模拟,然后分析不同组分下瓦斯着火延迟时间的变化趋势,并利用SENKIN程序对其进行敏感性分析。计算结果表明:当C_2H_6百分比小于CO_2百分比时,随着CO_2百分比的增加,瓦斯着火延迟时间略有增加,且其在T=1200K下延长了17.0%,在T=2200K下延长了8.4%,同时抑制CH_4生成的关键反应步敏感性系数下降幅度略大,其协同抑制瓦斯爆炸;当C_2H_6百分比大于CO_2百分比时,随着C_2H_6百分比的增加,瓦斯着火延迟时间大幅缩短,且其在T=1200K下缩短了63.7%,在T=2200K下缩短了35.5%,同时促进CH_4生成的关键反应步敏感性系数下降幅度大,其协同促进瓦斯爆炸。     

表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型评估及其转换函数构建

基于非饱和土壤水力性质数据库（UNSODA）中选取的从砂土到黏土共256个土壤样本,系统性地评价了表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型（LIAO模型）的适用性,并构建和验证了预测LIAO模型参数的土壤转换函数（PTFs）。结果表明：（1）与传统的van Genuchten模型（仅适用于描述毛管水运动）相比,LIAO模型对不同质地土壤水分特征曲线的预测精度更高,均方根误差（RMSE）降低了约45%;（2）LIAO模型参数与土壤基本性质（如砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、有机质含量和容重）之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中参数θ_s与容重的相关性（r=-0.783,P<0.01）最强,而其余参数与粉粒的相关程度最高;（3）基于逐步回归方法构建的PTFs能够解释LIAO模型参数总变异的31%~65%,其中对θ_s的预测精度最高,经双交叉验证表明PTFs稳定性较好。研究成果可为区域（尤其是干旱和半干旱地区）土壤水文模型提供参数支持。