Preparedness for anthrax attack: the effect of knowledge on the willingness to treat patients

Little is known about the factors that may impact on the willingness of physicians and nurses to treat patients during a bioterrorism attack. This survey was conducted among 76 randomly selected nurses and physicians in the emergency rooms of three public hospitals in order to analyse the relationship between knowledge, profession and the willingness to treat anthrax. The study finds that the willingness of physicians and nurses to come to work is 50% greater among the group with the highest knowledge about anthrax (P < 0.0001). Within that group, the willingness to treat patients suspected of being infected with anthrax was 37% greater (P < 0.0001) and the willingness to treat patients diagnosed with anthrax was 28% greater (P = 0.004) than in the other groups. These results imply that enhancement of knowledge among health care workers may improve their willingness to come to work and treat patients infected with anthrax during a bioterrorism attack.     

洪涝灾害经济易损性模糊评价——以安徽沿长江地区为例

洪水灾害是洪水危险性对承灾体易损性综合作用的结果,由于降水量、人口密度、产值等因子在洪水易损性中的作用具有模糊性,因此运用模糊模型进行评价有一定意义。以安徽沿长江地区为例,在GIS和模糊数学法的支持下,建立了基于GIS的模糊综合评价模型,对洪水灾害经济易损性风险进行了评价与分析,将安徽沿长江地区洪涝的易损性程度划分为5个等级:高度易损性、较高度易损性、中度易损性、较低度易损性、低度易损性。研究结果表明:沿江洪水灾害易损性总体水平较高,特别是在马鞍山、芜湖市、铜陵市等经济发达、人口密集、耕地面积广阔的滨江下游平原区。这些地区应积极兴修水利,大力发展避洪产业。     

京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性变化研究

研究灾害脆弱性的变化有助于深入理解灾害及灾害风险的形成机制。在重新审视承灾体系统灾害脆弱性的分析层次和描述角度之后,深化了对地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的影响因素和描述指标的再认识,完善了以主成分分析为核心技术的分析该类脆弱性时空变化的数理方法。以此为基础,以1985、1995、2000和2004年为代表时期,对京津唐地区20多年来的地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的变化做了进一步的分析和总结。主要结论是:研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性20多年来的时空变化可分解为少数几种脆弱性模式的变化;1985年以来,该类脆弱性的空间分异格局整体稳定;但是,各地自身脆弱与否的程度20多年来的变化却很显著——各大中城市市区的脆弱程度显著增强,其他地区整体减弱,且变化幅度前者显著大于后者;研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的时空变化主要受该地区的人口和经济特别是工商业经济的增长、城市化发展和产业结构的调整等3方面因素所驱动。     

登陆台风低压再度发展引发的特大暴雨诊断分析

利用常规资料和NCEP1°×1°的分析场资料,对2008年8号台风"凤凰"减弱的低气压在滁河地区造成的特大暴雨灾害过程进行了较深入的分析。通过对暴雨期间涡度与垂直速度空间结构变化分析得到:暴雨的增幅发生在正涡度发展和上升运动明显增强的过程中,当上升运动开始减弱时,雨强也开始减小。     

沉积物扰动持续时间对悬浮物中磷形态数量分布的影响

为了探讨沉积物扰动时间(分别扰动10 min和9 h)对悬浮物中形态磷转化的影响,以太湖月亮湾沉积物和上覆水为对象,开展室内模拟试验,分析悬浮物中不同形态磷间的转化过程.结果表明,扰动时间越长,上覆水溶解性总磷(DTP)含量越高.对照试验中,上覆水中DTP含量远高于扰动试验.磷形态分析表明,随着试验时间的延长,扰动作用下(10 min,9 h),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)占总磷(Tot-P)的质量分数逐渐降低,第10 d分别降至42.5%(10 min)和38.1%(9 h).试验结束,则有所升高.相反,钙结合态磷(HCl-P)占Tot-P的质量分数则在第10 d分别达到最大(48.9%,10 min)和(53.7%,9 h).这说明沉积物扰动促进了悬浮物中易释放态磷向难释放态磷的转化.     

Relationships between Human Disturbance and Wildlife Land Use in Urban Habitat Fragments

Abstract: Habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open‐space needs of human populations. Nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. Hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. We used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and information on human activity and environmental factors associated with anthropogenic disturbance in 12 habitat fragments across San Diego County, California, to examine the relationships among habitat fragment characteristics, human activity, and wildlife presence. There were no significant correlations of species presence and abundance with percent plant cover for all species or with different land‐use intensities for all species, except the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), which preferred areas with intensive development. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) were associated significantly and positively and significantly and negatively, respectively, with the presence and prominence of utilities. Woodrats were also negatively associated with the presence of horses. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were associated significantly and negatively and significantly and positively, respectively, with plant bulk and permanence. Cougars and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were negatively associated with the presence of roads. Roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) were positively associated with litter. The only species that had no significant correlations with any of the environmental variables were black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Bobcat tracks were observed more often than gray foxes in the study area and bobcats correlated significantly only with water availability, contrasting with results from other studies. Our results appear to indicate that maintenance of habitat fragments in urban areas is of conservation benefit to some animal species, despite human activity and disturbance, as long as the fragments are large.     

基于试验观测的光合有效辐射特征分析

光合有效辐射是生物、生态和农业常用的重要参数,常规气象资料中没有该资料,实测结果也比较少,以往多采用经验气候学计算获得。论文基于固城站观测辐射资料,对光合有效辐射特征分析的结果表明:光合有效辐射（PAR）占总辐射（Q）的比值(η_PAR)分布呈近似钟型,有60%的比值分布在0.35～0.45之间。η_{PARPARPARPARPAR})与Q的关系为:全年Q_PAR=0.40Q,生长季Q_PAR=0.41Q,这一结果与以往国内一些实测结果相近。论文用此值重新评估华北平原光合生产潜力的结果表明,以往估算光合生产潜力常采用η_PAR     

上海城市内河生态系统服务的条件价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是估算生态系统服务最主要的技术方法之一。浦东张家浜的综合整治为全国河道整治的样板工程,笔者采用CVM引出张家浜沿线居民对改善张家浜生态系统的平均支付意愿(528 8元 a),初步估算出张家浜综合整治后的生态系统服务价值约为3 014～5 262亿元 a。讨论了导致支付意愿产生偏差的各方面原因,研究了张家浜沿线居民对张家浜整治项目的支付意愿和被调查者收入、年龄、受教育程度等因素的关系。最后提出了CVM研究结果的可靠性和国内在CVM研究中亟待解决的问题。      

甘肃省迭部县居民森林生态环境支付意愿影响因素分析

公众的生态环境认知水平及支付意愿对森林生态环境保护具有重要的影响和作用.根据甘肃省迭部县居民的291份有效调查问卷,采用描述性统计方法和结构方程模型对森林生态环境支付意愿的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:①居民对生态环境服务价值的认知、对生态环境补偿的认知、对生态环境保护的预期收益、居民个人资金技术因素、外部环境因素与居民森林生态环境支付意愿之间存在正相关关系,且影响显著,其中影响程度最大的是外部环境因素,标准相关系数为0.830,解释效果良好,影响程度最小的是资金技术因素,相关系数仅为0.283.②多群组结构方程模型研究结果显示,男性居民的森林生态环境支付意愿主要受对森林生态环境认知程度的影响,女性更容易受外部环境因素的影响.不同年龄段的居民在森林生态环境服务价值认知、资金技术因素和外部环境因素方面存在差异性.不同教育程度居民之间的差异主要体现在对森林生态环境服务价值的认知和对森林生态环境补偿的认知上.③性别、年龄、教育程度等因素对生态环境服务价值认知、预期收益等有显著影响,且不同因素的影响程度存在差异.研究显示,对森林生态环境支付意愿影响因素分析反映了环境支付意愿的普适性问题,研究结果可为生态资源和环境管理等提供参考.