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21.
Reports on Gulf War illness (GWI) implicated the use of the pesticide permethrin (PER), and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), in its etiology, as well as pyridostigmine bromide (PB), which was given as a prophylactic treatment against nerve agent exposure. Using Affymetrix microarrays the genomic response of human neuronal SHSY-5Y cells to 10 days of exposure to these agents was characterized and profiles of gene modulation unique to each treatment were demonstrated. In particular, a significantly greater impact of PER was observed compared to the other treatments. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis knowledgebase was used to analyze the genomic datasets and attribute functional consequences to the effects of related genes, which were significantly up- or down-regulated in response to different treatments. Canonical pathways shown to be significantly modulated at the genomic level in response to exposure included cellular mechanisms, which might contribute to the clinical presentation in GWI patients and thus be targeted for further investigation as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. 相似文献
22.
We analysed fisheries trends in the northern region of the Gulf of California, within the Biosphere Reserve of the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado Delta River and the Vaquita Refuge Area, and suggest measures to protect the vaquita, Phocoena sinus. We compiled and analysed catch reports of artisanal fishermen in the three fishing communities of the Upper Gulf of California (San Felipe in the State of Baja California, and Golfo de Santa Clara and Puerto Peñasco in the State of Sonora) from 1995 to 2007. This information was categorised with respect to geographic information systems, and all fishing sites within two marine protected areas in the region were identified. In addition, from a survey based on direct interviews with artisanal fishermen in each of the three ports, we identified that 23% of fishermen will continue fishing despite on-going fishing buy-out programmes in the region. We suggest several specific courses of action to decrease the fishing impact on this critically endangered cetacean. However, given the critical situation of this critically endangered species, it is very uncertain whether enforcing a no-take zone within the biosphere reserve and the Vaquita Refuge Area, or even a wider fishing moratorium, will be enough to save this endangered species from extinction. 相似文献
23.
Nammam Ali Azadi Borhan Mansouri Lucia Spada Mohammad Hosein Sinkakarimi Younes Hamesadeghi 《Chemistry and Ecology》2018,34(9):884-900
Coastal areas of Iran are heavily affected by urbanisation, industrialisation, and maritime activities. One consequence of this environmental pressure is the contaminants accumulation, as heavy metals, into the marine ecosystem. In this review, the coastal areas in the north and south of the country were assessed for lead (Pb) contamination of, one of the most toxic metals found in the environment. All studies conducted during 2006–2016 with at least 10 specimens that reported the mean and standard deviation of Pb were considered in this review. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Q and I2 statistics. The Pb mean concentration overall studies was estimated to be 21.88?µg/g (95% CIs: 16.25–27.50). Random effect model showed no statistical difference in mean Pb concentration levels between south and north coasts. However, the variability in Pb mean concentrations within southern coasts was considerable and statistically significant. Moreover, the Pb concentrations in the northern coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, in south of Iran, decreased in the following order Hormozgan > Khuzestan > Sistan-VA-Balluchestan > Bushehr while in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea, in north of Iran, decreased in the order Guilan > Mazandaran > Golestan. 相似文献
24.
Modeling estuarine-shelf exchanges in a deltaic estuary: Implications for coastal carbon budgets and hypoxia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The export of wetland-derived materials to the coastal ocean (i.e., the “Outwelling” hypothesis) has received considerable attention over the past several decades. While a number of studies have shown that estuaries export appreciable amounts of nutrients and carbon, few studies have attempted to estimate the importance of estuarine sources for the coastal carbon budgets in river-dominated coastal ecosystems. A novel tidal prism model was developed to examine estuarine-shelf exchanges in the Barataria estuary, a deltaic estuary located in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. This estuary has been the site of a massive wetland loss, and it has been hypothesized that carbon export from the eroding coastal wetlands supports the development of a large hypoxic zone in the coastal Gulf of Mexico. The model results show that the Barataria estuary receives nitrogen through the tidal passes and releases carbon to the coastal ocean. The mean calculated tidal water discharge of 6930 m3 s−1 is equivalent to about 43% of the lower Mississippi River discharge. The annual total organic carbon (TOC) export is 109 million kg, or 57 gC m2 yr−1 when prorated to the total water area of the estuary. This carbon export is equivalent to a loss of 0.5 m of wetland soil horizon over an area of 8.4 km2, and accounts for about 34% of the observed annual wetland loss in the estuary between 1978 and 2000. Compared to the lower Mississippi River, the Barataria estuary appears to be a very small source of TOC for the northern Gulf of Mexico (2.7% of riverine TOC), and is unlikely to have a significant influence on the development of the Gulf's hypoxia. 相似文献
25.
James E. Bollinger Laura J. Steinberg Andrew J. Englande James P. Crews Janet M. Hughes Cruz Velasco Karen H. Watanabe William R. Hartley Christopher M. Swalm Jeffrey M. Mendler LuAnn E. White William J. George 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(6):1375-1390
ABSTRACT: Nutrient data from all available sources for the lower Mississippi River were examined for potential differences among sampling agencies and geographic locations for the period between 1960 and 1998. Monthly means grouped by parameter, sampling location and agency, were calculated and compared as paired sets, excluding those months where data were not available for both sets. Some significant differences were found between various agencies collecting nutrient data on the river, as well as between various stretches of river, especially in the case of phosphorus nutrient data. Results were used to synthesize data sets from which a history of nutrient loading in the Mississippi River was determined. General trends in nitrate+nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorus and silica loads, as well as changes in nutrient proportions and the specific limiting nutrient (by month) are reported. This study provides a useful summary of contemporary and historical nutrient data that may assist in the evaluation of Mississippi River water quality and its potential effect on the Gulf of Mexico. 相似文献
26.
Importance of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835) in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. Rosas-Luis C.A. Salinas-Zavala V. Koch P. Del Monte Luna M.V. Morales-Zrate 《Ecological modelling》2008,218(1-2):149-161
The Humboldt squid is an important predator in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California and the commercial catch of this species has increased over the past decade, probable due to a decrease of several top predators (sharks, large pelagic fish and the marine mammals) and the optimal feeding conditions in this area. Its high abundance and important position in the pelagic food web was quantified through two trophic models of the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California. Models represented conditions in 1980 and 2002, to document the decadal changes in ecosystem structure and function. The models were composed of 18 functional groups, including marine mammals, birds, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and primary producers. Model results show direct negative effects on principal prey groups such as myctophids and pelagic red crab and positive effects on sharks, marine mammals and specifically sperm whales. It thus appears that the jumbo squid has an important role in the ecosystem and plays a central part in the overall energy flow as main food item for most top predators, and due to its predation of organisms on lower tropic levels. 相似文献
27.
北部湾海域江豚体内重金属含量及分布 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
应用原子吸收分光光度计对北部湾海域江豚的肌肉、脂肪、肝脏、胰脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃和肠管道等器官组织样品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、 Fe、Mn、Hg和As的含量进行测定,并使用标准物作了对照分析.结果显示,江豚体内各器官组织中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn、Hg和As的平均含量分别为(0.05~37.9)×10-6、(6.20~101.9 )×10-6、(24.38~181.5) ×10-6、(ND~1.85) ×10-6、(10.60~13.35)×10-6、(1.68~3.15)×10-6、(111.45~1413.8)×10-6、(0.35~12.43)×10-6、(0.21~34.36)×10-6和(0.28~3.81)×10-6(干重).江豚体内重金属含量高低的基本趋势是Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Mn> Hg>As>Pb.肝、肾脏等内脏器官中的重金属含量普遍高于肌肉及脂肪组织中的含量;胃组织中没有测出Pb的存在.与渤海和黄海江豚比较,北海湾海域江豚体内各种重金属的含量介于渤海和黄海江豚之间,说明该地区海域已受到重金属污染. 相似文献
28.
通过对广西近岸水体和沉积物中2类有机氯农药(OCPs,包括HCHs和DDTs)的大面调查,评估了广西近岸海域OCPs的分布特征、污染状况和生态风险。结果显示:广西近岸海域的海水中所有站位都未检出HCHs和DDTs,所有站位的沉积物中也未检出HCHs,43个沉积物站位中DDTs的检出率为11.6%,沉积物中DDTs含量范围为nd~3.7 ng/g。研究表明:广西近岸水体及沉积物中OCPs的污染水平很低,沉积物中DDTs具有较为明显的空间分布规律,呈现出渔港附近含量高,以及TOC (有机碳)含量较高的河口附近含量高的特征。船舶防污漆可能是造成渔港附近DDTs含量较高的主要原因,部分河口站位主要受河流输入污染物影响,DDTs主要来源于历史残留,沉积物中TOC含量是影响DDTs残留分布的重要因素,DDTs易与悬浮物中的有机质通过吸附络合结合而沉积。生态风险评价结果显示:广西近岸海水的HCHs和DDTs生态风险极低,沉积物的HCHs生态风险也极低,沉积物中DDTs的潜在生态风险总体很低。 相似文献
29.
Alang-Sosiya situated on the Gulf of Cambay is one of the largest ship breaking yard in the world. The seasonal distribution and contamination levels of dissolved and/or dispersed total petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in seawater during high tide are investigated. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals are higher in the winter than in the monsoon and summer. The concentrations of total PHCs and PAHs are about three times higher in the winter and two times in the monsoon or summer at Along-Sosiya and about twice in all seasons at two stations one on either side 5 km away from it as compared to the reference station at Mahuva, 60 km away towards the south. Further, the levels of PHCs are correlated with salinity and compared with those of other regions. The concentration of all metals is the highest in the winter season followed by the monsoon and summer. We carried out the quantitative analysis of the possible relationships among 13 variables such as Al, Fe, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, pH, NO3-, NO2 and PO4(3-). 相似文献
30.
Based on a phenomenology that is rather frequent in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea), we analytically model the short time evolution of the temperature field inside a shallow layer of coastal water induced by a sudden offshore wind. In particular, we reproduce in a very simple way the unsteady surfacing of the isotherms forced by the marine current circulating in a vertical plane perpendicular to the coastline. The model is in agreement with the observations of a significant event recorded on 25 June, 2002 in the Gulf of Trieste. 相似文献