安全生产与经济社会发展关系理论研究

对美、英、加、日、澳等发达国家的安全生产状况近百年的统计数据进行了分析研究,发现大都经历了从事故频发到达高峰.逐步下降到平稳发展的"驼峰"过程,安全生产状况与经济社会发展阶段存在着相互制约、相互影响的联系,这是建立安全生产状况与经济发展水平的理论模型的事实依据.安全生产状况随经济社会发展而呈现出阶段性的变化趋势.影响一个国家的职业安全健康水平的直接原因有经济上的(安全投入)、科学技术方面、管理制度方面以及教育文化水平方面的,其中经济发展水平是各种原因的根本.重点揭示了安全生产与经济社会发展关系的内在规律,建立了相应的理论模型.并把所建立的理论模型应用到我国的煤矿安全领域.理论模型与实际统计数据基本吻合.     

Temporal moments analysis of preferential solute transport in soils

Temporal moments analysis of solute breakthrough curves is used to investigate the preferential leaching of chloride, nitrate and phosphate through an Australian soil. Recent studies have shown that current models and methods do not adequately describe the leaching of nutrients through soil, often underestimating the risk of groundwater contamination by surface-applied chemicals, and overestimating the concentration of resident solutes. This inaccuracy results primarily from ignoring soil structure and non-equilibrium between soil constituents, water and solutes. Therefore simple models are required to accurately characterise solute transport in natural and agricultural soils under non-equilibrium conditions. A multiple sample percolation system, consisting of 25 individual collection wells was constructed to study the effects of localised soil heterogeneities on the transport of nutrients (NO₃ ^–, Cl^–, PO₄ ^{3 –}) in the vadose zone of an agricultural soil predominantly dominated by clay. Using data collected from the multiple sample percolation experiments, this paper compares and contrasts the performance of temporal moments analysis with two mathematical models for predicting solute transport, the advective-dispersion model with a reaction term (ADR) and a two-region preferential flow model (TRM) suitable for modelling preferential transport. The values for solute transport parameters predicted by temporal moments analysis were in excellent agreement with experimental data and results from ADR and TRM. It is concluded that temporal moments analysis when applied with other physical models such as the ADR and TRM, provide an excellent means of obtaining values for important solute transport parameters and gaining insight of preferential flow. These results have significant ramifications for modelling solute transport and predicting nutrient loadings.     

Effect of ZnCl<Subscript>2</Subscript> impregnation ratio on pore structure of activated carbons prepared from cattle manure compost: application of N<Subscript>2</Subscript> adsorption-desorption isotherms

Activated carbons were prepared from cattle manure compost (CMC) by ZnCl₂ activation with various ZnCl₂/CMC mass ratios. Based on the N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, mathematical models including the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation, the α_s plot, and the Horvath-Kawazoe method were used to analyze the pore structural characteristics of the prepared activated carbons. It was found that for carbons possessing both micro-and mesopores, the DR method provided a more accurate estimation than the α_s method for the extent of microporosity. The effect of the ZnCl₂ impregnation ratio on the pore structure was discussed using the DR method. The results revealed that pore evolution involved three distinct regions with increases in the amount of impregnated ZnCl₂: raising the ZnCl₂/CMC mass ratio from 0.00 to 0.50 resulted in a 19-fold increase in micropore volume (V_me ^D) but caused no change in the mesopore volume (V_me ^D); increasing the ZnCl₂/CMC mass ratio from 0.50 to 1.00 led to an increment in V_mi ^D of about 50% and in V_me ^D of 170%; while raising the ratio from 1.50 to 2.50 caused a slight decrease in V_mi ^D but a 200% increment in the value of V_me ^D.     

固液相离子吸附体系中吸附剂浓度效应与Langmuir方程的适用性

以蛭石吸附Zn2 和Cd2 为例,探讨Langmuir方程在固液相离子吸附体系中的适用性,结果表明:传统吸附等温线随吸附剂浓度W0增大而下降,吸附量qe不仅仅由液相平衡浓度Ce所决定,而是Ce和W0两个变量的函数;以Langmuir方程的线性形式对实验数据进行拟合,在给定吸附剂浓度水平下的实验数据与Langmuir方程拟合的相关性很好,但方程中的两个参数随吸附剂浓度增大而降低而且差异显著,表明Langmuir方程仅适用于给定吸附剂浓度的体系,采用单一参数的Langmuir方程难以准确描述试验检测范围内Zn2 和Cd2 的吸附规律.     

蚯蚓活动对重金属在土柱中淋溶行为的影响

采用土柱淋溶方法,以溴离子为示踪离子,研究了蚯蚓活动形成的土壤大孔隙对铜和锌离子在土柱中迁移行为的影响.运用平衡和非平衡对流-弥散模型对溴离子和铜、锌离子在不同土柱中的穿透曲线进行拟合.结果表明,蚯蚓活动形成的蚯蚓孔能够产生明显的优势流现象,这种优势流极大地加快了重金属离子在土柱中垂直向下迁移的速度.非平衡对流-弥散模型能很好地预测溴离子和铜、锌离子在蚯蚓孔土柱中的流出趋势,而平衡对流-弥散模型适合于预测溶质在对照（匀质）土柱中的流出趋势.     

Seismic monitoring and modelling of supercritical CO2 injection into a water-saturated sandstone: Interpretation of P-wave velocity data

This paper reports on an integrated laboratory and numerical simulation study of ultrasonic P-wave velocity response to supercritical CO₂ displacement of pore water in Tako sandstone. The analysis of dynamic velocity data recorded using an array of piezoelectric transducers mounted on a core sample showed that the P-wave velocities at different positions displayed a similar trend in time, i.e., an initial sharp fall followed by a more gradual decline. Considerable variations observed in the measured P-wave velocity reductions across the sandstone core could largely be attributed to the final state of saturation (e.g. uniform, patchy or in-between) attained by the two-phase fluids. Numerical simulation of the injection test using a simple 1D model was carried out to provide an estimation of the phase saturation changes underlying the measured P-wave velocity reductions. A second order polynomial correlation between the measured ultrasonic P-wave velocity reductions and the estimated CO₂ saturation was established. Comparison with the Gassmann velocities showed that the empirically established relationship marks a clear deviation from both the patchy and uniform saturation velocity curves.     

安全氛围对企业安全行为的影响研究

国外大量研究表明,安全氛围调查在改进企业的安全行为方面有积极的作用,为组织制订未来的安全政策提供依据。本研究通过查阅文献、国外类似的诊断调查工具及软件,根据所提出的理论假设,采用线性结构方程建模的方法,构建了本研究的LISREL理论模型,并设计了相应的调查问卷和量表。从所建立的安全氛围的三个构面(安全管理、安全认知、安全态度)入手探讨企业的安全氛围对企业的安全行为(两个构面:安全执行、安全处理)的影响。本研究采用问卷调查的方式采集数据,将所得资料用SPSS11.0和LISREL8.3软件来分析处理和检验研究假设,研究结果为实证单位改进企业的安全行为提供了帮助。     

模拟火灾闪燃现象特征值之研究

建筑物火灾闪燃现象一直受世界研究者之重视。因为它呈现了火势动态行为中一个重要特征。火灾成长期中,闪燃可视为一种临界事件,如果其发生即代表系统稳定初步失败。为了解如此重要机制,本研究回顾了区划空间火灾成长数学公式,并另外参考英国受丁堡大学所发展之统治方程式,使用MATLAB软体为工具,来求解非线性常微分与火势暂态相关曲线,俾发掘出内在可能的行为机制。模拟结果指出,闪燃是火势发现过程中温度极具热不稳定性,尝参数受到微小扰动下即有可能产生状态极大变化;尤其,透过特征值可以发现系统何时丧失稳定性。另外,本文也当试针对台湾921地震后使用之组合屋作实验性火灾模拟,研究结果不仅计算出该型建屋之单一特征值,而且也模拟出火势发生时之特征值曲线,来显示出热物理之演化过程。     

三江源地区土壤保持功能空间分析及其价值评估

在地理信息系统的支持下,利用已有的资料,将三江源地区划分为1km×1km的栅格,并以栅格为单元对其生态系统土壤保持功能进行分析和计算.运用通用土壤流失方程研究了该地区生态系统土壤侵蚀量和土壤保持量及其空间分布,并利用市场价值法、机会成本法和影子工程法评估了土壤保持功能的价值.研究表明,三江源地区生态系统土壤保持总量为1.04×109t/a,其价值总计为1.25×109元/a.其中保持土壤养分的经济价值为1.10×10⁹元/a,减少废弃土地的经济价值为1.64×10⁷元/a,减少泥沙淤积的经济价值为1.34×10⁸元/a.     

Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits1

Li, Guangquan, Yuan Cheng, and Bei Zhao, 2012. Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00683.x Abstract: In this study, we derive an approximate analytic solution for the distribution of flow velocity in a cylindrical conduit and the surrounding media, and analyze the effect of differing parameters (e.g., conduit radius) on the velocity of conduit flow. The solution is then employed to estimate the thickness of the boundary layer inside the media. The results reveal that when conduit radius is large, the Beavers‐Joseph condition has only a minor effect on the velocity of conduit flow (such that the nonslip condition on the conduit wall still works pretty well), and the boundary layer is so thin that the wall can still be treated as the interface between fast water in the conduit and slow water in the media. The solution indicates that the velocity of conduit flow is the superposition of the velocity profile in the nonslip situation onto the slip velocity on the wall. Our study theoretically shows that the coupled continuum pipe flow model in MODFLOW‐2005 constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey is reasonable in that there is no need to consider the Beavers‐Joseph condition when simulating flow in karst conduits. The role of the boundary layer in transport and its effect on the hyporheic zone is not clear, which is a suitable topic for future study.