鸭粪和环丙沙星对潮土微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了评价鸭粪中残留的环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,布置培养试验,设五个处理,分别是Ⅰ:CK(对照)、Ⅱ:CIP(人工添加的CIP)、Ⅲ:DF(添加不含抗生素的鸭粪)、Ⅳ:DF+CIP(在Ⅲ的基础上再外源添加CIP)、Ⅴ:DF(CIP)(粪源CIP即含有CIP的鸭粪),培养81 d。借助Biolog技术研究了不同来源的CIP对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,培养1 d后,反映土壤微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)表现为DFDF+CIPDF(CIP)CKCIP,说明环丙沙星对土壤微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用,且随着培养时间的延长其抑制作用减弱;添加鸭粪显著增强了土壤微生物活性和群落功能多样性;与人工添加进鸭粪中的环丙沙星相比,粪源环丙沙星对微生物活性的抑制作用更强,并显著降低了土壤中利用碳源微生物的物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S);在培养过程中,土壤微生物利用的主要碳源种类随培养时间延长有所变化,初期利用的主要是糖类、羧酸类、聚合物类、胺类以及氨基酸类,后期主要是糖类和羧酸类。     

丁草胺污染对高产水稻土微生物区系的影响

土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量最有潜力的指标,与农田生态系统的稳定性和生产力密切相关。云南永胜涛源乡是保持我国水稻小面积超高产纪录的特殊生态区,常年施用丁草胺作为选择性芽前除草剂,因此,了解丁草胺对其土壤微生物物种多样性的影响意义重大。采用平板菌落计数法,研究了模拟条件下不同丁草胺剂量（有效成分质量分数0.15、0.30和1.5 mg·kg^-1）对高产水稻土中好氧细菌（aerobic bacteria）、放线菌（actinobacteria）和真菌（fungi）,以及功能微生物自生固氮菌（nitrogen fixing bacteria）、磷酸盐溶解菌（phosphate solubilizing bacteria）和硅酸盐细菌（silicate dissolving bacteria）数量的影响。结果表明：施药7 d,中、高质量分数（0.30和1.50 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺处理好氧细菌数量比CK分别高出78.6%和153.8%,而后数量逐渐下降,表现出先刺激生长、后抑制活性的作用,低质量分数（0.15 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺对好氧细菌的生长和增殖影响不明显;施药7 d,高质量分数处理放线菌数量超过CK 75.1%,表现出明显的刺激作用;施药15 d,中等质量分数处理放线菌数量比 CK 高出125.0%,丁草胺浓度越高,刺激作用越迅速,低浓度丁草胺对放线菌则主要表现为抑制作用。低浓度丁草胺对真菌的生长和增殖基本没有影响,中等浓度有先抑制后刺激的作用,施药30 d后其真菌数量超过CK 56.9%,高浓度丁草胺则表现为抑制作用,施药7、30和45 d其真菌数量始终显著低于CK;不同浓度处理丁草胺均能刺激自生固氮菌的数量显著增加,施药7 d,低、中、高质量分数处理自生固氮菌数量分别高出CK 237.1%,179.9%和138.1%,刺激作用显著,但随培养时间延长,高浓度开始表现出抑制作用;不同浓度丁草胺均能抑制磷酸盐溶解菌的生长和增殖,低浓度处理抑制作用微弱,中、高浓度处     

Rural well-being: the push and pull and the diversity in-between

This article proposes an analytical framework for developing indicators of agriculture and rural community sustainability, including the symbiotic relationship between sustainable agriculture and rural well-being. Rural well-being offers a sustainable approach to healthy lifestyles that are based on a balance of many complex components including social, economic, and environmental issues. The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have taken positions on these issues. The United States Department of Agriculture is ‘committed to helping improve the economy and quality of life in rural America’ through loans and subsidies (USDA 2015). The USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program vision is to sustain ‘an enduring American agriculture of the highest quality that is profitable, protects the nation’s land and water and is a force, providing a healthy and rewarding way of life for farmers and ranchers whose quality products and operations sustain their communities and society’ (SARE 2016; Smart, Sandt and Chris Zdorovtsov 2016). UK government and non-government agencies have taken a more holistic approach to rural well-being in their efforts to achieve a more balanced social–economic–environmental state of rural well-being. The UK interpretation of Community Supported Agriculture is a tested example of this sustainable approach to fostering rural well-being (Saltmarsh et al. 2011).     

历山山核桃群落物种多样性特征

采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Alatalo指数等5个多样性指数,结合TWINSPAN分类,研究历山自然保护区山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的物种多样性与群落类型、结构及环境因子的关系.结果表明:TWINSPAN分类将35个样方分为7个群丛,各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也存在差异,山核桃群落物种多样性受其所处的坡向、坡度、土壤类型等物理微环境及群落物种组成、干扰等共同影响.方差分析结果表明:各群丛间丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也差异不显著,这说明山核桃群落生境异质性小,物种对地带性气候有相似的适应特征以及相似的资源利用方式.     

浙江沿海无居民海岛植物群落物种组成及多样性

无居民海岛是自然资源的宝库,人类活动对无居民海岛的影响日益剧烈,掌握它们的植物群落物种组成和多样性现状有利于进行海岛植被多样性的监测和保护。本文运用植物群落生态学方法,对浙江沿海5个无居民海岛的植被物种组成及多样性进行了研究。结果如下:(1)调查区域共记录到高等植物77科,166属,226种,其中草本151种,木本植物75种。基于双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)分析,将该区域植物群落分为17个类型。(2)17个群落的物种Shannon指数均在1.91?—?2.60,Pielou指数(均匀度指数)值在0.80附近浮动,Margalef指数(丰富度指数)在1.86?—?3.80,各个群落的丰富度指数与多样性指数变化趋势大体一致,与群落均匀度无明显关系。植物区系成分多样,主要为泛热带成分和北温带成分。本研究可为我国沿海无居民海岛的资源保护及其开发利用提供科学数据。     

Empowering Indigenous natural hazards management in northern Australia

Northern Australia is prone to recurring severe natural hazards, especially frequent cyclones, flooding, and extensive wildfires. The region is sparsely populated (≪ 0.5 persons km⁻²), with Indigenous (Aboriginal) residents comprising 14% of the population, and typically the majority in remote regions. Despite national policy committed to addressing emergency management (EM) in vulnerable Indigenous communities, implementation remains unfunded. We synthesise participatory intercultural research conducted over seven years exploring core challenges, opportunities and potential solutions towards developing effective EM partnerships. Similar EM engagement and empowerment issues face First Nations and local communities in many international settings. In search of solutions, we explore developing effective partnership arrangements between EM agencies and culturally diverse Indigenous communities. Observing that government already provides substantial investment in cultural and natural resource management programmes conducted by over 150 Indigenous Ranger Groups (IRGs) nationally, we demonstrate that expansion of IRG roles to incorporate EM community engagement and service delivery can provide multiple cost-effective community and business development benefits for many remote communities.     

盐度渐增对水解微生物群落结构与功能的影响

工业废水循环利用导致盐度渐增,应用水解反应器连续处理硫酸钠盐度渐增的高色度印染废水.在进水盐度从0.5g·L^-1渐增到4 g·L^-1时,印染废水也得以持续高效脱色.宏基因测序表明,盐度渐增导致水解污泥微生物种数从882种下降到了631种,但细菌群落的生物多样性仍保持稳定.盐度渐增对细菌群落的整体功能没有明显影响,但改变了水解脱色功能菌和功能酶的丰度.低盐度条件下Proteobacteria门占主导地位,Methanothrix和Geobacter为参与水解作用的优势属.在盐度渐增时,与众多细菌对盐度胁迫的反应相反,Proteobacteria丰度持续增加,Desulfovibrio和Desulfococcus成为优势属.PICRUSt功能解析显示,脱色酶SOD1和SOD2相对丰度显著下降,CAT和TYR的相对丰度上升,从总体上保证了水解生物系统脱色功能的稳定.本研究从水解脱色功能基因的角度,探讨盐度渐增对水解微生物群落和功能的影响,为盐度渐增胁迫条件下印染废水的脱色和有机物去除机制研究提供理论基础.     

底泥-苦草系统对景观水体氮磷的去除效果及其中微生物群落的结构变化

底泥-沉水植物-微生物系统在景观水体氮磷消减过程中有关键作用。为缓解底泥氮磷释放压力并探究底泥改造材料的选择与氮磷去除效果之间的联系,选用石灰石、白云石和蓬莱镇组紫色母岩作为改造材料,构建水-底泥-苦草系统,结合水体元素质量浓度和微生物群落结构进行分析。结果表明,底泥改造联合苦草 (sediment modification combined with Vallisneria natans,SMVS) 对上覆水体氮、磷的去除效果相较于未改造处理显著提高 (P<0.05) ,蓬莱镇紫色母岩组处理效果最好,对总磷、总氮的去除率分别达到87.06%、80.96%。上覆水悬浮态颗粒物中微生物群落结构发生改变,在门分类水平上, Actinobacteriota、Bacteroidota丰度在不同改造处理中存在显著差异 (P<0.05) ;在属分类水平上,norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast、Mycobacterium为优势菌属,Mycobacterium在不同改造处理中存在显著差异 (P<0.05) 。冗余分析结果表明Ca、Mg是驱动上覆水氮磷营养盐降低的主要元素。蓬莱镇组紫色母岩作为底泥改造材料对氮、磷的去除效果优于石灰石和白云石,这与向上覆水中释放微量元素含量不同,进而改变了微生物群落结构有关。本研究结果可为景观水体污染底泥的治理提供参考。     

复合腐殖生物活性填料对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

为了考察复合腐殖生物活性填料对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,通过内置填料、外置填料和对照组SBR污水处理工艺的对比运行,对3组反应器的运行效能、沉降性能、胞外聚合物和微生物群落分布进行了研究。结果表明：投加复合腐殖生物活性填料的SBR反应器相比对照组SBR反应器可加强氮、磷的去除效能,改善活性污泥的沉降性能;通过胞外聚合物分析,发现内置填料和外置填料活性污泥的胞外聚合物（多糖和蛋白质）含量一直低于对照组的;3个微生物群落主要分布在Saprospiraceae、Rhodocyclaceae、Comamonadaceae、Flavobacteriaceae、env.OPS_17、Spirochaetaceae等6 个科内;内置填料微生物群落（8.09%）和外置填料微生物群落（2.86%）中的Saprospiraceae,要比对照组微生物群落（29.82%）的比例高,表明通过复合腐殖生物活性填料的作用,Saprospiraceae类群减少,胞外聚合物分泌降低,活性污泥沉降性能得到增强,这与反应器实际运行效果和胞外聚合物分析研究内容一致。     

Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting

As a major reservoir of antibiotics,animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure.Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput ...