国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控研究——以苏州市为例

立足新时期国土空间规划体系强化全域环境空间管控,推动各类环境要素管控分区降尺度与融合化,实现环境污染源头管控与精准落地,是系统应对当前高强度、复合型环境问题的有效途径.构建基于国土空间规划的全覆盖、多层级环境功能分区管控体系,在单要素人为污染物排放量和综合排放强度评价基础上,提出环境功能分区的管控等级集成评价模型,探索分区管理和分级施策的全域环境空间管控途径,并以高度工业化和城市化的苏州市为案例开展应用研究.结果表明：①基于国土空间规划体系的"三区三线"与现行环境要素管控分区的空间耦合性,建立由8个一级分区和21个二级分区构成的环境功能分区管控体系;②按照"三区三线"管控属性和综合排放强度,可进一步将环境功能分区的管控等级由高至低划分为Ⅴ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ及○级;③苏州市人为污染物排放量总体偏大,城镇空间内的工矿业生产空间及城乡居住空间、农业空间内的生产养殖空间的综合排放强度较高,主要分布于姑苏、虎丘等中心城区及昆山、常熟等工业集聚区;④苏州市Ⅴ级和Ⅳ级管控区以工矿业生产空间、城乡居住空间和特殊生产空间为主,Ⅲ级管控区以混合空间为主,Ⅱ级以农业种植空间和生产养殖空间为主,Ⅰ级和○级管控区主要包括一般生态空间和生态保护红线.案例应用表明,国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控可操作性强,可实现环境规制精准落实到污染源空间;建议以环境功能分区分级管控体系为基础,将环境空间管控全面融入国土空间规划体系,建立综合施策的环境协同管理机制.     

基于GIS的危险化学气体泄漏事故应急响应研究

为了研究危险化学气体泄漏事故扩散过程以及受灾人员疏散规划问题。提出以GIS为“连接器”,将危险化学气体的泄漏和扩散过程模拟、气体扩散风险分析和最优疏散方案生成3个过程进行集成,实现泄漏事故的综合应急响应。研究结果显示:方法能针对各类泄漏事故模拟气体的动态扩散过程,并生成受灾人员疏散规划方案,有助于应急处置机构及时决策,进而减少生命财产的损失。     

Five Hundred Years of Hydrological Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin1

Abstract: This article evaluates drought scenarios of the Upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) considering multiple drought variables for the past 500 years and positions the current drought in terms of the magnitude and frequency. Drought characteristics were developed considering water‐year data of UCRB’s streamflow, and basin‐wide averages of the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) and the Palmer Z Index. Streamflow and drought indices were reconstructed for the last 500 years using a principal component regression model based on tree‐ring data. The reconstructed streamflow showed higher variability as compared with reconstructed PHDI and reconstructed Palmer Z Index. The magnitude and severity of all droughts were obtained for the last 500 years for historical and reconstructed drought variables and ranked accordingly. The frequency of the current drought was obtained by considering two different drought frequency statistical approaches and three different methods of determining the beginning and end of the drought period (annual, 5‐year moving, and ten year moving average). It was concluded that the current drought is the worst in the observed record period (1923‐2004), but 6th to 14th largest in terms of magnitude and 1st to 12th considering severity in the past 500 years. Similarly, the current drought has a return period ranging from 37 to 103 years based on how the drought period was determined. It was concluded that if the 10‐year moving average is used for defining the drought period, the current drought appears less severe in terms of magnitude and severity in the last 500 years compared with the results using 1‐ and 5‐year averages.     

Identifying Conservation Areas on the Basis of Alternative Distribution Data Sets

Abstract:  Distribution data on biodiversity features is a major component of conservation planning that are often inaccurate; thus, the true distribution of each feature is commonly over- or underrepresented. The selection of distribution data sets may therefore lead to variability in the spatial configuration and size of proposed reserve networks and uncertainty regarding the extent to which these networks actually contain the biodiversity features they were identified to protect. Our goals were to investigate the impact on reserve selection of choosing different distribution data sets and to propose novel methods to minimize uncertainty about target attainment within reserves. To do so, we used common prioritization methods (richness mapping, systematic reserve design, and a novel approach that integrates multiple types of distribution data) and three types of data on the distribution of mammals (predicted distribution models, occurrence records, and a novel combination of the two) to simulate the establishment of regional biodiversity reserves for the state of Arizona (U.S.A.). Using the results of these simulations, we explored variability in reserve placement and size as a function of the distribution data set. Spatial overlap of reserve networks identified with only predicted distribution data or only occurrence distribution data never exceeded 16%. In pairwise comparisons between reserves created with all three types of distribution data, overlap never achieved 50%. The reserve size required to meet conservation targets also varied with the type of distribution data used and the conservation goal; the largest reserve system was 10 times the smallest. Our results highlight the impact of employing different types of distribution data and identify novel tools for application to existing distribution data sets that can minimize uncertainty about target attainment.     

生态风景林理论在城市道路景观规划设计中的运用

城市生态风景林是城市森林的重要组成部分,在对城市生态风景林的理论进展和相关概念辨析的基础上,结合城市道路绿化现状和道路生态风景林的特征,创新性地提出以生态风景林理论指导城市道路景观规划设计,并以合肥方兴大道生态风景林规划设计为例,着重论述城市道路生态风景林规划设计的方法、理念和内容。     

南京市不同功能城区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的污染特征

将南京城市建成区分为矿冶区、开发区、商业区、城市广场、风景区、老居民区等6大功能区,选择采集土壤样本56个,用原子吸收光谱仪选择分析了土壤中重金属元素的全量和活性形态含量.结果表明,南京城市土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn和Cd的总量分别为:117.1±103.7mg·kg^-1,39.86±39.9mg·kg^-1,273.3±131.6mg·kg^-1和1.13±0.7mg·kg^-1.矿冶区、老居民区、商业区、新开发区、城市广场和风景区的内梅罗重金属综合污染指数分别为:5.4、4.9、3.4、1.6、2.4和2.3.矿冶区以Pb、Cd的强度积累为特征,但活性形态的比重较小.而城市中心的居民区和商业区Zn的积累最显著,并且所测定的重金属的醋酸盐浸提态含量明显较高.除了风景区和城市市民广场外,城市中心区的重金属均表现出较明显的表聚性.城市活动区土壤Pb、Cd的强烈积累可能已经对人类健康构成了威胁.     

水污染控制规划与GIS

在水污染控制规划中,总量控制是新手段,概率模型是新方法,ＧＩＳ是新工具。利用上述新手段,新方法和新工具,系统地介绍了水污染控制规划,初步探索了基于ＧＩＳ的水污染控制规划的实施途径。     

HOW CLIMATE UNCERTAINTY SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT: MODELING WORKSHOP RESULTS1

ABSTRACT: In two workshops, we evaluated decision analysis methods for comparing Lake Erie levels management alternatives under climate change uncertainty. In particular, we wanted to see how acceptable and effective those methods could be in a public planning setting. The methods evaluated included simulation modeling, scenario analysis, decision trees and structured group discussions. We evaluated the methods by interviewing the workshop participants before and after the workshops. The participants, who were experienced Great Lakes water resources managers, concluded that simulation modeling is user-friendly enough to enable scenario analysis even in workshop settings for large public planning studies. They felt that simulation modeling can improve not only understanding of the system, but also of the options for managing it. Scenario analysis revealed that the decision for the case study, Lake Erie water level regulation, could be altered by the likelihood of climate change. The participants also recommended that structured group discussions be used in public planning settings to elicit ideas and opinions. On the other hand, the participants were less optimistic about decision trees because they felt that the public might view subjective probabilities as difficult to understand and subject to manipulation.     

Transboundary Issues in Wilderness Management

/ The management of lands adjacent to federally designated wilderness is increasingly seen to have the potential to negatively impact wilderness resources and management objectives. This paper first examines the numerous and often conflicting laws and regulations that influence how managers can mitigate transboundary issues. We then examine the various types of transboundary issues, and describe how they impact wilderness resources. Transboundary issues include recreational use, extractive activities, fire management, exotic species introductions, aircraft overflights and military operations, water diversion, urban encroachment, and transported pollutants. KEY WORDS: Adjacent lands; Buffer zones; Ecosystem management; Wilderness; Zones of influence     

THE WESTERN WATER COMMISSION: WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RECEIVES THE AVI'ENTION OF A NEW GENERATION1

ABSTRACT: Our nation periodically reviews national water policy and considers its directions for the future. The most recent examination was directed at the western United States and the role of the federal agencies in meeting its needs. The West is no longer the frontier, but rather contains vibrant cities and booming centers of international trade, as well as tourism, mineral, and oil and gas development, agricultural, and other development. In this changing environment, federal water policies need to consider the long term sustainability of the West, provide justice to Indian tribes, protect the rivers and ecosystems on which natural systems depend, balance the needs of newcomers with those of agricultural users and communities, and meet a myriad of other demands. The Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission has just concluded its review of these issues and issued its report. Key among the recommendations is the need to coordinate federal agencies at the basin and watershed level and make government more responsive to local needs, but within a framework that includes national mandates. The Commission's recommendations are presented here, along with some of the issues that surrounded the operations of the Commission.