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61.
62.
Status signals are traits that advertise an individual’s competitive abilities to conspecifics during aggressive disputes.
Most studies of status signals in birds have focussed on melanin-based plumage signals, but recent research shows that carotenoid-based
signals may also play a role in aggressive signaling. We assessed the relative importance of melanin- and carotenoid-based
plumage patches as agonistic signals in a small passerine, the golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis). Display signals in male golden whistlers include an unpigmented white throat patch, a carotenoid-based yellow breast and
nape band, and a melanin-based black chin-stripe. We found that only the white throat patch was correlated with contest-related
attributes. Males possessing large throat patches defended larger territories and commenced breeding earlier. When caged males
with either experimentally reduced, or unmanipulated throat patches were presented to conspecifics, those with experimentally
reduced patches attracted less aggression from male subjects. Focal males also responded faster to caged males with throat
patches similar in size to their own, suggesting that they may assess relative throat patch size before engaging in aggressive
encounters. Females did not discriminate between “reduced” or “control” treatments. Our data strongly suggest that only the
unpigmented throat patch functions as a status signal. As this signal is unlikely to have significant development costs, honesty
may be maintained through social costs. 相似文献
63.
Montserrat Fuentes Arin Chaudhuri David M. Holland 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(3):323-340
We develop a spatial statistical methodology to design national air pollution monitoring networks with good predictive capabilities
while minimizing the cost of monitoring. The underlying complexity of atmospheric processes and the urgent need to give credible
assessments of environmental risk create problems requiring new statistical methodologies to meet these challenges. In this
work, we present a new method of ranking various subnetworks taking both the environmental cost and the statistical information
into account. A Bayesian algorithm is introduced to obtain an optimal subnetwork using an entropy framework. The final network
and accuracy of the spatial predictions is heavily dependent on the underlying model of spatial correlation. Usually the simplifying
assumption of stationarity, in the sense that the spatial dependency structure does not change location, is made for spatial
prediction. However, it is not uncommon to find spatial data that show strong signs of nonstationary behavior. We build upon
an existing approach that creates a nonstationary covariance by a mixture of a family of stationary processes, and we propose
a Bayesian method of estimating the associated parameters using the technique of Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo.
We apply these methods for spatial prediction and network design to ambient ozone data from a monitoring network in the eastern
US. 相似文献
64.
结合当前国内外对高速铁路动车组运用的相关研究,给出了动车组周转这一特大型组合优化问题的数学描述并建立神经网络模型,提出了基于分层聚类思想与模拟退火算法相结合的解决方案,降低了算法的时间复杂度,达到了减少车底在车站的停留时间,提高了车底利用效率,为优化我国在建和拟建的高速铁路、城际客运专线的动车组周转及计算机自动编制车底运用计划提供理论支持,并结合实际客运专线运用计算机模拟进行检算,证实了算法的可行性、实用性. 相似文献
65.
66.
A. Stein J .W. Van Groenigen M. J. Jeger M. R. Hoosbeek 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》1998,5(2):155-172
This paper presents an overview of space-time statistical procedures to analyse agricultural and environmental related phenomena. It starts with an application on root-rot development in cotton. Dependence modelling in space and time is done with the space-time variogram. Various kriging interpolators are presented for making predictions in space and time. Simulated annealing is used to design an optimal monitoring network for estimation of space-time variograms. In the application no clear indication was found for anisotropy, although strong evidence exists that the disease not only proceeds within rows but also jumps between rows. The optimal sampling scheme showed a spatial clustering of observations at the first and the last monitoring day and less observations at intermediate times. 相似文献
67.
介绍了基于连通可靠度分析的生命线工程网络和基于功能可靠度分析的供水管网抗震拓扑优化分析方法。以管网造价为优化目标,管网拓扑结构为优化参数,抗震连通可靠度为约束,建立了基于连通可靠度分析的生命线工程网络抗震拓扑优化模型。对于这样一个组合优化问题,采用现代优化算法-遗传算法来进行求解可以获得造价低且满足管网抗震可靠度要求的最优网络。改用抗震功能可靠度为约束,可以建立基于功能可靠度分析的供水管网的抗震拓扑优化模型,这一问题可以采用模拟退火算法来进行求解,实例分析表明模拟退火算法具有很好的效果。最后,利用模拟退火算法,对四川省都江堰市、绵竹市和德阳市供水管网进行了抗震拓扑优化改造分析,给出了三个城市供水管网的恢复重建方案。 相似文献
68.
红壤坡地降雨产流产沙动态过程模拟试验研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
研究以浙江省兰溪水土保持综合试验站为研究基地,通过设定特定植被覆盖度(15%)不同坡度(8°、15°、20°)的径流试验小区,小区面积为2m2,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨强度(0.8~2.9mm·min-1)范围内,红壤坡地产流和产沙随雨强和坡度的变化特性进行了模拟试验。通过32场模拟降雨试验数据的分析,得出结论如下:①产沙量与雨强呈指数函数关系,产流量与雨强呈幂函数关系,径流量与产沙量的相关性大于雨强与径流、雨强与产沙;②随坡度的增大,产流时刻提前,泥沙起动和产沙突增的雨强临界减小;③随坡度增大,累积产沙量的递增速率比累积径流量的递增速率要快;④场降雨侵蚀模数与雨强的相关性随着坡度的增大而增强。 相似文献
69.
为探讨模拟地下水微生物除铁技术的若干控制因素以及微生物除铁的部分规律,对四个装有不同粒径石英砂填料的滤柱进行人工模拟实验及分析测试。实验结果表明:滤柱的成熟过程是铁细菌有规律的增殖并固定滤料表面的铁质活性滤膜实现对亚铁离子氧化的过程。根据细菌的成长过程,滤柱除铁效果以及滤柱能够承受的负荷,把滤砂的成熟过程分为适应期、第一增长期、第二增长期和稳定期等四个时期。在实现除铁的过程中,填料大小、滤速等条件对除铁效果有着影响。 相似文献
70.
地下水硝酸盐污染抽出处理优化方法模拟研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
以北京某场地生活垃圾填埋场硝酸盐污染地下水为研究对象,针对抽出处理技术,利用遗传算法(GA)和模拟退火法(SA)对地下水硝酸盐污染羽治理区中布置18口备选井方案进行优化.优化目标函数最小化治理成本,确定最佳井数及其井的位置和抽水速率,同时达到在100 d内将研究区硝酸盐浓度降低至10 mg·L-1的治理目标.GA优化结果为8号井优化抽水速率为155 m3·d-1,14号井优化抽水速率为10 m3·d-1.SA优化结果为8号井优化抽水速率为82 m3·d-1,14号井优化抽水速率为39 m3·d-1.基于GA和SA优化抽水速率,硝酸盐总量去除率分别为76.89%和84.92%.优化结果说明,最佳井的位置应位于硝酸盐污染羽中游及中下游的中轴线上,且中游抽水速率比下游要大.两种优化算法对比表明SA优化系统治理成本比GA节省6.8%,且波动性小,更收敛. 相似文献