硫酸羟胺的自加速分解温度和稳定性研究

通过快速筛选热分析试验对硫酸羟胺热危险性进行定性分析,对其热分解过程进行初步研究,获得温度、压力变化规律;再运用C80微量热仪对硫酸羟胺进行深入分析,得到硫酸羟胺的化学反应动力学参数,根据Semenov模型计算其自加速分解温度（SADT）。试验结果表明：由RSD初步筛选试验得到硫酸羟胺在164．2℃时即发生分解放热;用C80法得到硫酸羟胺的起始热分解温度为137．1℃,并计算了该物质在3种典型包装下的自加速分解温度。由SADT得到储存、运输过程中硫酸羟胺的控制温度,从而为减少硫酸羟胺事故的发生提供必要的参考数据。     

干热河谷林地燥红土固碳特征及"新固定"碳表观稳定性

全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤固碳能力及所固定碳的稳定性受到极大关注.基于土壤密度分组和酸水解技术,对比研究了1991年营造的大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林不同阶段(1991、1997、2003和2010年)土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度.结果表明,造林19 a后林地表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)土壤有机碳密度分别为1.40 kg.m-2和0.99kg.m-2.研究期内(1991～2010年)表层和亚表层土壤平均固碳速率分别为37.89 g.(m2.a)-1和16.84 g.(m2.a)-1,且土壤呈现加速固碳特征.2003年林地表层重组有机碳分配比例为71.44%,显著高于2010年(67.99%).2003年林地表层或亚表层轻组顽固性碳指数显著高于重组,但均随林龄的增加而降低,尤其是轻组顽固性碳指数.2003～2010年间燥红土"新固定"碳中57%～70%受物理保护,33%～49%为生化稳定性碳.研究揭示出干热河谷人工林燥红土具备较大的固碳能力.受物理保护碳的生化稳定性低于非保护碳,其稳定性均随林龄的增加而降低.     

基于悬臂梁力学模型分析高边坡危岩体的稳定性——以四川省三清村高边坡W1危岩体为例

四川省苍溪县三清村高边坡的稳定性对当地居民的人身安全构成了威胁,需要对高边坡进行稳定性分析和评价。本文针对三清村高边坡自来水厂段W1危岩体,采用悬臂梁力学模型对其稳定性进行了定量计算及分析,结果表明:将计算所得的W1危岩体截面的最大剪切应力与截面允许的最大剪切应力进行对比,可以判断W1危岩体在自然条件下处于稳定状态,在暴雨和地震条件下处于不稳定状态,该结果与野外的宏观判断结论基本一致。     

降雨条件下某堆积体饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析

降雨是诱发滑坡的主要因素之一。本文以西南地区某堆积体为例,基于非饱和土力学理论,考虑降雨入渗的影响,利用有限元方法,对持续强降雨条件下该堆积体的饱和-非饱和渗流场动态变化、变形破坏机理及稳定性进行了数值模拟和计算,结果表明:降雨入渗使坡体非饱和区土体的基质吸力减小,是导致堆积体稳定性降低的主要因素;随着降雨的持续,堆积体塑性区的范围及贯通距离增加,稳定系数逐渐降低,使整体失稳滑移的危险增大。     

基于强度折减法的港珠澳大桥沉管隧道干坞工程高边坡稳定性分析

在列举和分析比较当前岩土工程领域边坡稳定性分析的各种主要方法的基础上,概述了强度折减法的基本原理、主要特点和优势,并以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道干坞大型临时工程拟建场地的岩质高边坡为实例,应用强度折减法基于FLAC3D软件对该边坡的稳定性进行了计算和分析,确定了边界条件和强度参数,计算了该边坡的安全系数,结果表明自然工况下边坡处于稳定状态,底部开挖以后边坡趋于欠稳定状态,同时指出了边坡的关键变形部位,可为后续的设计和施工提供参考。     

深水河大桥桥墩边坡稳定性分析

深水河大桥桥墩边坡地处广乐高速深水河大桥段,其稳定性直接关系着桥墩桩基工程能否顺利施工和整段广乐高速的工程进度。本文采用定性分析和定量计算的方法对深水河大桥桥墩边坡稳定性进行了分析,定性分析主要是通过赤平投影法作图初步分析边坡局部可能出现的组合滑面破坏模式,再取典型的楔形体进行破坏模式分析,定量计算主要是采用Bishop法分别计算该边坡在不同工况下的稳定系数,从而对该边坡的整体稳定性进行评价,以便提出相应的治理措施。     

模糊评判在岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用

在工程实践中,影响岩质边坡稳定性的因素众多,不同因素的影响程度不相同,具有不确定性,因此选择合适的方法对岩质边坡稳定性进行评价尤为关键。本文采用模糊综合评判方法对岩质边坡进行稳定性评价,首先阐明了如何建立模糊评判体系以及权重和隶属度的确定方法,然后以某岩质边坡为实例,采用模糊评判方法对其稳定性进行了评价,结果表明模糊评判的结果与实际情况较为吻合,说明该方法真实、有效,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

以高岭土为原料合成高稳定性介孔分子筛

以廉价的高岭土和硅酸钠为硅源,用水热法合成了介孔分子筛。采用X射线粉末衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱、热分析、N2物理吸附、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜埘样品进行了表征,同时研究了样品的热稳定性和水热稳定性。结果表明：长程有序的介孔分子筛平均孔径约为2．75nm：经900℃焙烧3h或100℃水热处理6d,样品的介孔结构不被破坏,说明样品具有高的热稳定性和水热稳定性。     

辽河源头区坡耕地面源污染阻控技术研究

辽河源头区多为低山丘陵区域.由于人类对土地资源的不合理开发利用,致使森林覆盖率降低,坡耕地面积增多.为提高单位面积的农作物产量,主要措施之一就是增加化肥投入量.随着农田生态系统化肥投入量的增加,不被作物吸收的营养物质通过淋溶渗透地表径流等进入水环境中.坡耕地面源污染阻控研究是基于其产生的原因及迁移过程,采取农业耕作措施、水土保持工程措施和生物措施等相结合方式,构建坡耕地面源污染控制技术体系.