Ca(Ⅱ)在活性污泥生物絮凝中的作用研究

采用4个平行的序批式反应器(SBR),研究了进水Ca2+浓度对活性污泥絮体表而特性和结构稳定性的影响,并由此来确定Ca2+在生物絮凝中的作用.结果表明:随着进水Ca2+浓度的增加,污泥中的Ca含量逐渐增大.进水中Ca2+的加入,增大了污泥絮体的粒径和密度,进南改善了污泥的沉降性能;Ca2+的加入,使可供结合的蛋白质数量最高增至近1倍,污泥表面疏水性也相应增强;污泥絮凝性能的改善,主要和可供Ca2+结合的蛋白质含量增加有关,而非多糖;EDTA通过络合污泥絮体中的Ca2+,破坏了山Ca2+架桥形成的污泥絮体结构,这说明Ca2+可通过和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中的负电官能团架桥来促进污泥絮体的形成并维持絮体结构的稳定性.     

高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性及应用研究

以污泥蛋白为实验材料,通过加入不同量的稳定剂GP-1,配制成高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂,并对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性和影响因素进行研究。结果表明,以污泥蛋白10 mL、水90 mL、GP-1 0.4 g配方组合为研究对象,所制备的泡沫初始体积为770 mL,泡沫泌水时间大于15 h,泡沫半衰期大于64 h,泡沫综合发泡能力为2.2×10⁶ mL·min,泡沫的最佳搅拌时间为5 min,泡沫的泌水时间和泡沫的半衰期都是随着温度的上升而下降,在pH为3～13时泡沫稳定。经过对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂发泡特性研究以及对水泥的胶凝时间、特性进行比较,研制出污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并制备污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土块;结果表明,当污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂的用量分别为0、6、6.8、7.6、8.4和9.2 mL,水泥为200 g时,制备泡沫混凝土块,其密度由2.07 g/cm³下降到0.34 g/cm³,体积由130 cm³ 上升到755 cm³;在泡沫混凝土块脱模后的第1 d、第7 d、第28 d分别称量他们的重量变化情况,结果表明,泡沫混凝土块第1 d和第7 d无重量变化,第28 d的重量明显减轻。该研究为污泥蛋白研制成为泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并应用于屋面隔热、保温建立前期基础。     

高速公路连拱隧道开挖三维稳定性分析

通过对金丽温高速公路湾连拱隧道工程区的地质特征的详细分析和现场调查,系统研究了湾隧道开挖及加固全过程的围岩应力场、变形场的状况及变化特征。结果表明,湾连拱隧道围岩应变率较高,围岩衬砌后的位移值比未衬砌时减小了50%,采用目前的衬砌类型后,衬砌变形将较大幅度地变小,衬砌应变值基本满足要求;虽然围岩拉应力值随着隧道的开挖逐渐变大,除局部位置外,衬砌整体基本满足抗拉的要求。     

从全混流反应器热稳定性的角度探讨高危工艺的危险性

通过对全混流反应器(CSTR)热平衡条件下多态的分析,探讨热稳定性条件,并对一级不可逆反应在CSTR中的热稳定性进行定性分析;探讨不同反应热和活化能对反应过程热稳定性的影响,及其对反应器发生"飞温"事故要求紧急停车时的控制要求的影响,进而从反应工程的角度对高危工艺的界定提出新的思路。分析结果表明,工艺的危险性不仅与工艺的种类相关,更与工艺本身的热力学、动力学特征密切相关。通过对高危工艺的热稳定状况的分析,能够动态地揭示其在温度扰动下发生"飞温"或"熄火"的过程,从本质上把握高危工艺潜在的危险性,并能有针对性地制定自动化改造方案,提高化工企业的本质安全度。     

基于支持向量机的边坡稳定性预测研究

针对边坡稳定性影响因素复杂,传统的稳定性分析存在计算量大、计算过程复杂的问题,提出了边坡稳定性的支持向量机预测方法。分析了边坡稳定性的影响因素,选择影响边坡稳定性的边坡重度、内聚力、摩擦角、边坡角、边坡高度、孔隙压力比6项指标为特征向量。并运行该方法对典型边坡实例进行了预测,预测结果与边坡稳定性实际状态及其它方法预测结果相吻合,表明了支持向量机在边坡稳定性预测中的可靠性和有效性。     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

Soil Fertility in Relation to Slope Position and Agricultural Land Use: A Case Study of Umbulo Catchment in Southern Ethiopia

A study was conducted in southern Ethiopia to evaluate the nutrient status on smallholder farms with respect to land use class (garden, grassland, and outfield) and slope position (upper, middle, and lower). Soil physical and chemical properties were quantified using soil samples collected at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm). Available phosphorous was significantly different among the three land use classes. However, organic carbon and total nitrogen were lower in the outfield compared to the garden and grass land but not significantly different. The lower than expected nutrient status of the garden and grassland, which receive almost all available organic supplements, was attributed to the overall low availability of these inputs. Similarly, pH and cation exchange capacity were not significantly different among the different land use classes. However, the sum of the exchangeable cations was significantly higher in the garden compared to the outfields. Comparison at landscape level revealed that the sand fraction was significantly greater, whereas the silt fractions were significantly smaller, on the lower slopes relative to the middle slopes. Moreover, the organic carbon, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, Ca, and Mg values were significantly less on lower slopes than upper and middle slopes. Perhaps this is because of leaching and the effect of deposition of coarser sediments from the prevailing gully system. Overall, the fertility of the soil was adequate for supporting smallholder farming, but consideration must be given to reducing pressure on the land resources, addressing erosion problems, and providing a line of credit for purchasing inputs.     

Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.     

Diversity–stability relationships revisited: scaling rules for biological communities near equilibrium

The debate on diversity–stability relationships has a long history of theoretical interest and plays a central role in development of modern ecology. But such debate has recently re-opened under critical scrutiny both in theoretical and empirical studies. In this paper we use allometric (or energetic) scaling and statistical physics approaches to this problem. On the basis of local Damuth symmetry, a Markov model of transfer of energy between different species, and the fluctuation–dissipation theorem, scaling rules of species number and population variability of biological communities near equilibrium are derived. These scaling rules indicate that the diversity–stability relationship may be an energetic and thermodynamic consequence of ecological systems near equilibrium, not a simple statistical consequence as derived by other recent theoretical work.     

安徽繁昌滑坡群形成机理及稳定性分析

安徽繁昌滑坡群为沿江高速公路施工诱发的工程滑坡,滑坡群形成主要受区域地质构造背景、物质组成、地形地貌、结构面特征、岩体风化程度等诸多地质环境条件控制,作为大型土质堆积体滑坡群在长江沿江丘陵地区比较少见,就其成因背景、形成机理及稳定性进行论证分析,并对其进行分级分区,有针对性的提出了该滑坡群的治理方案。