青岛冬季PM2.5持续重污染天气的大气边界层特征

鲜有出现空气质量问题的北方沿海城市青岛近年来也频频出现重污染天气. 2014年1月青岛市总计出现7 d重污染天气,其中1月15-18日是持续4 d的PM_2.5重污染,其余的则分别出现在1月6日、11日和30日.为了获得气象条件对持续重污染天气发展、维持和消除的影响机制,利用激光雷达、大气稳定度仪探测数据以及地面、高空气象观测和空气质量监测数据,重点分析了1月15-18日持续重污染期间青岛市大气边界层气象要素的时间和空间特征.结果表明,2014年1月影响青岛冷空气势力弱、青岛近地面低于3 m/s的风速不利于污染物扩散,66%以上的相对湿度有利于污染物浓度增大.在污染源稳定的背景下,气象要素的差异性导致了污染物浓度时空分布的差异.在持续的弱偏北风下污染物浓度居高不下;在偏南风影响下,污染物浓度趋于下降.边界层内存在高层干冷弱北风和低层暖湿弱南风的风切变、稳定层结、低层相对湿度为70%的高湿大气以及交替出现的近地面南北风是此次重污染持续的主要原因.大气边界层高度变化对污染物浓度具有6 h左右的延迟影响;而低边界层高度、大稳定度因子,低云的存在和较高的污染物浓度之间具有较好的一致性变化趋势.当近地面温度升高、相对湿度减小以及增大的偏南风和存在弱不稳定层结时,有利于提高青岛局地大气扩散能力.      

土壤微生物对环境胁迫的响应机制

微生物在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起重要作用.研究土壤微生物对各种环境胁迫的响应有助于认识微生物对环境变化的适应与演变机理,维持土壤生态系统功能的稳定.土壤微生物群落多样性是衡量土壤生态系统稳定性的一个重要指标.多数研究表明,土壤微生物群落多样性越高,土壤生态系统越稳定.本文在总结土壤微生物群落多样性及其与环境胁迫响应关系的基础上,进一步讨论了土壤微生物对环境胁迫响应的生态学机制,包括:①抗性微生物的出现及抗性基因的水平转移.该过程导致了土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的改变,产生了更多抵抗能力较强的微生物类群,从而达到对外源干扰的适应,使土壤微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力随之提高.②土壤微生物群落功能的冗余.这些冗余程度越高,冗余组分缓冲维持生态系统正常功能的能力越强,从而提高微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力.研究土壤生态系统的稳定性与微生物多样性之间的关系,不仅有助于揭示土壤生态系统稳定性的内在机制,为合理调控提供科学依据,也可以为土壤环境质量管理提供参考.     

Variation in PAH inputs and microbial community in surface sediments of Hamilton Harbour: implications to remediation and monitoring

Variations in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microbial community indicators were investigated in representative highly contaminated and less contaminated surface sediment sites of Hamilton Harbour. Inputs of PAH to the upper 3cm of sediments up to four times the average upper sediment concentrations were observed. Associated PAH fingerprint profiles indicated that the source was consistent with the PAH source to the industrial region of the harbour. Increased PAH loadings were associated with decreased bacterial populations as indicated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations. However, relatively minor impacts on overall community composition were indicated. Porewater methane concentrations and isotopic data indicated a difference in the occurrence of methane oxidation between the two sites. This study confirms temporally limited transport of contaminants from highly impacted regions as a vector for contaminants within the harbour and the impact on microbial carbon cycling and bed stability.     

某水利枢纽工程泄洪排砂洞进口边坡稳定性监测分析

边坡的失稳破坏,都有一个从渐变到突变的发展过程,在破坏前会显示出一些即将破坏的征兆。通过安装精密的仪器对坡体的变形进行监测,则可能捕捉到破坏前坡体稳定性的异常信息,可以及时发现问题和采取措施进行处理。坡体的位移是观测的最主要、最直观的物理量;用应力观测检验坡体的支护效果,与变形监测对照分析还可验证监测成果的可靠性。某水利枢纽工程通过埋设3支多点位移计和2支锚索测力计,对裂隙发育、坡面破碎的泄洪排砂洞边坡施工过程中的变形进行了监测分析,监测成果表明泄洪排砂洞进口边坡目前是稳定的。     

边坡稳定性的线性罗吉特分析

应用线性罗吉特模型，本文提出了边坡破坏概率估计的新方法，由收集到的边坡实例建模，进而用于待判边坡破坏概率计算，就能预测待判边坡的稳定程度．结果表明：这种方法具有较高精度     

硫化物溶液标准物质的研究

研究了硫化钠配制标准溶液不稳定的原因,制备出稳定一年的硫化物溶液标准物质.它均匀,定值结果准确,浓度范围50～100μg/ml(S2-计).     

一个能够优化边坡安全稳定系数计算的解析式

简化Bishop法是工程界分析边坡安全稳定性应用最普遍的极限平衡方法,通过三角函数积分得到均质边坡简化Bishop法稳定系数解析式,将该积分式用于边坡分析,不仅可以节省计算工作量,还可以得到安全稳定系数最精确解。     

Single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable waste: Comparison of start-up,reactor stability and process performance

Single-phase and two-phase digestion of fruit and vegetable waste were studied to compare reactor start-up, reactor stability and performance (methane yield, volatile solids reduction and energy yield). The single-phase reactor (SPR) was a conventional reactor operated at a low loading rate (maximum of 3.5 kg VS/m³ d), while the two-phase system consisted of an acidification reactor (TPAR) and a methanogenic reactor (TPMR). The TPAR was inoculated with methanogenic sludge similar to the SPR, but was operated with step-wise increase in the loading rate and with total recirculation of reactor solids to convert it into acidification sludge. Before each feeding, part of the sludge from TPAR was centrifuged, the centrifuge liquid (solubilized products) was fed to the TPMR and centrifuged solids were recycled back to the reactor. Single-phase digestion produced a methane yield of 0.45 m³ CH₄/kg VS fed and VS removal of 83%. The TPAR shifted to acidification mode at an OLR of 10.0 kg VS/m³ d and then achieved stable performance at 7.0 kg VS/m³ d and pH 5.5–6.2, with very high substrate solubilization rate and a methane yield of 0.30 m³ CH₄/kg COD fed. The two-phase process was capable of high VS reduction, but material and energy balance showed that the single-phase process was superior in terms of volumetric methane production and energy yield by 33%. The lower energy yield of the two-phase system was due to the loss of energy during hydrolysis in the TPAR and the deficit in methane production in the TPMR attributed to COD loss due to biomass synthesis and adsorption of hard COD onto the flocs. These results including the complicated operational procedure of the two-phase process and the economic factors suggested that the single-phase process could be the preferred system for FVW.     

区域生态环境预警的原理与方法

本文提出了以区域持续发展的能力作为区域生态环境预警的综合指标,进一步用承载力、稳定性、缓冲力、生产力和调控力作为衡量区域持续发展的能力。选取生态、环境和社会经济指标对区域生态环境质量进行评价,以及对经济发展的协调性和适应性进行分析,作出判断和预警,并讨论了区域生态环境预警的综合方法。     

北京地区采暖期SO2熏烟型污染及评估

随着北京城市建设的发展，为了保护环境，北京市的新建生活区均采用集中供热系统。燃烧后的有害气体通过烟排向大气，经过高空稀释后的烟气可以降低污染负荷，但是在某此气象条件下仍然造成了地面局部污染，本文在北京市丰台区一个生活小区的供热系统污染源环境影响评价的基础上，讨论了熏烟污染的发生及危害。