甲基紫试验中改性双基推进剂的热分解机制研究

目的 研究甲基紫试验中含Al改性双基推进剂以及含RDX改性双基推进剂2种典型改性双基推进剂的热分解机理。方法 将这2种典型改性双基推进剂与普通双基推进剂进行对比试验,采用TG-DSC-FTIR-MS联用技术,通过对分解温度、放热量、分解产物等特征参数进行分析,明确3种推进剂的非等温热分解行为。采用微热量热法,在与甲基紫试验相同温度下对3种推进剂进行等温热分解行为研究。结果 含Al改性双基推进剂在程序升温条件下的热质量损失和热分解行为与普通双基推进剂的基本一致。含RDX改性双基推进剂中的NG较其他2种推进剂更易挥发,相应分解反应初期NG分解释放的NO2较少,且在整个热分解反应历程中分2个阶段,含硝酸酯基团的NC/NG体系先分解,再引起硝铵炸药RDX的热分解。在等温条件下,3种推进剂在40 min对应的反应深度均不超过0.4%,5 h对应的反应深度均不超过3%。但在分解反应初期,含Al改性双基推进剂分解反应的速率更快。结论 对比不同推进剂甲基紫安定性试验结果,并不是甲基紫试纸完全变色时间越长的热安定越好,说明甲基紫安定性试验方法存在一定的局限性。采用分解反应深度作为量气和量热方法转换的纽带,有望采用微热量热作为甲基紫试验的替代技术实现安定性的定量评价。     

饮用水生物稳定性控制指标体系研究

主要阐述了饮用水生物稳定性的主要控制指标AOC(可生物同化有机碳)、BDOC(可生物降解溶解性有机碳)、TP(总磷)、MAP(可生物利用磷)、BGP(细菌生长潜力)及其测定方法和AOC-T DWMS评价体系.利用层次分析法确定了在城市输水管网中各控制指标的重要性权,使城市饮用水的处理更具有针对性,保证城市饮用水的生物稳定性.     

尾叶悬钩子红色素的性质及其稳定性

对尾叶悬钩子红色素的基本理化性质,及光、温度、PH值,氧化还原介质、5种金属离子和3种食品添加剂对其稳定性的影响进行了分析探讨,结果表明,尾叶悬钩子鲜果中总花色苷含量高,其色素属水溶性花青苷类,该色素在60℃以下较稳定,但抗氧化和还原性较差,金属离子中Fe^3 等对色素的吸光度有明显影响,而Cu^2＋,Mg^2 及低浓度Zn^2 影响不大,Mn^2 、较高浓度（ρ＝100－300mgL^-1）的Zn^2＋、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠则对色素稳定性无影响,并有不同程度的护色效果。图6表6参6     

Rare earth elements tracing the soil erosion processes on slope surface under natural rainfall

A field experiment using rare earth elements (REEs) as tracers was conducted to investigate soil erosion processes on slope surfaces during rainfall events. A plot of 10 m × 2 m × 0.16 m with a gradient of 20° (36.4%) was established and the plot was divided into two layers and four segments. Various REE tracers were applied to the different layers and segments to determine sediment dynamics under natural rainfall. Results indicated that sheet erosion accounted for more than 90% of total erosion when the rainfall amount and density was not large enough to generate concentrated flows. Sediment source changed in different sections on the slope surface, and the primary sediment source area tended to move upslope as erosion progressed. In rill erosion, sediment discharge mainly originated from the toe-slope and moved upwards as erosion intensified. The results obtained from this study suggest that multi-REE tracer technique is valuable in understanding the erosion processes and determining sediment sources.     

污泥水煤浆的基础特性研究

通过与纯水煤浆的对比实验,分析了污泥添加量对水煤浆流变性、稳定性及燃烧等基础特性的影响。结果表明,在污泥添加比例为5％～10％,分散剂用量为0．6％～1．2％,稳定剂用量为0．1％的情况下,可以得到流变性和稳定性良好的污泥水煤浆。随着水煤浆中污泥添加比例的提高,着火温度T1降低,燃尽温度提前,燃烧特性变好。管式炉中燃烧实验表明,试样中硫析出率随温度的升高而增大,而污泥水煤浆比纯水煤浆具有更好的固硫效果。     

无皂乳液聚合改性废聚苯乙烯

以聚(甲基丙烯酸丁酯—丙烯酸钠)(P (BMA- AANa))为乳化剂,采用无皂乳液聚合技术,利用BMA对废聚苯乙烯(PS)泡沫塑料进行接枝改性.实验得出适宜的工艺条件:P(BMA - AANa)质量分数为51.5％,m(BMA)∶m(丙烯酸)=4∶6,PS和BMA质量分数之和为10.0％;m(PS)∶m(BMA) =...     

磷矿矿山顶板稳定性分级方法

冒顶片帮事故是地下矿山危害最为严重的事故,矿山地压管理是地下开采矿山安全管理的重要任务.顶板稳定性分析是地压管理的重要方法.提出了顶板稳定性分级的指标和分级方法.首次指出风化作用对顶板稳定性的影响,并就地下水对顶板稳定性的影响进行了分析.     

Quantifying Reductions of Mass‐Failure Frequency and Sediment Loadings From Streambanks Using Toe Protection and Other Means: Lake Tahoe,United States1

Abstract: Streambank erosion by mass‐failure processes represents an important form of channel adjustment and a significant source of sediment in disturbed streams. Mass failures regularly occur by a combination of hydraulic processes that undercut bank toes and geotechnical processes that cause bank collapse by gravity. Little if any quantitative information is available on the effectiveness of bank treatments on reducing erosion. To evaluate potential reduction in sediment loadings emanating from streambanks, the hydraulic and geotechnical processes responsible for mass failure were simulated under existing and mitigated conditions using a Bank‐Stability and Toe‐Erosion Model (BSTEM). Two critical erosion sites were selected from each of the three watersheds known to contribute the greatest amounts of fine sediment by streambank processes in the Lake Tahoe Basin. A typical high‐flow annual hydrograph was selected for analysis. Bank‐material strength data were collected for each layer as were species‐specific root‐reinforcement values. The effects of the first flow event on bank‐toe erosion were simulated using an excess shear‐stress approach. The resulting geometry was then exported into the bank‐stability submodel to test for the relative stability of the bank under peak flow and drawdown conditions. In this way, BSTEM was used iteratively for all flow events for both existing and mitigated conditions. On average, 13.6% of the material was eroded by hydraulic shear, the remainder by mass failures, which occurred about five times over the simulation period. Simulations with 1.0 m‐high rock‐toe protection showed a dramatic reduction in streambank erosion (69‐100%). Failure frequency for the simulation period was reduced in most cases to a single episode. Thus, an almost 90% reduction in streambank loadings was achieved by virtually eliminating the erosion of only 14% of the material that was entrained by hydraulic forces. Consequently, simulations show average load reductions of about an order of magnitude. Results stress the critical importance of protecting the bank toe‐region from steepening by hydraulic forces that would otherwise entrain previously failed and in situ bank materials, thereby allowing the upper bank to flatten (by failure) to a stable slope.     

Bed Stability and Sedimentation Associated With Human Disturbances in Pacific Northwest Streams1

Abstract: To evaluate anthropogenic sedimentation in United States (U.S.) Pacific Northwest coastal streams, we applied an index of relative bed stability (LRBS*) to summer low flow survey data collected using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program field methods in a probability sample of 101 wadeable stream reaches. LRBS* is the log of the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (D_gm) to critical diameter (D*_cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield’s criterion for incipient motion. We used a formulation of LRBS* that explicitly accounts for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness due to pools and wood. LRBS* ranged from ?1.9 to +0.5 in streams within the lower quartile of human riparian and basin disturbance, and was substantially lower (?4.2 to ?1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. Modeling results suggest that the expected range of LRBS* in streams without human disturbances in this region might be generally between ?0.7 and +0.5 in either sedimentary or volcanic lithology. However, streams draining relatively soft, erodible sedimentary lithology showed greater reductions in LRBS* associated with disturbance than did those having harder, more resistant volcanic (basalt) lithology with similar levels of basin and riparian disturbance. At any given level of disturbance, smaller streams had lower LRBS* than those with larger drainages. In sedimentary lithology (sandstone and siltstone), high‐gradient streams had higher LRBS* than did low‐gradient streams of the same size and level of human disturbance. High gradient streams in volcanic lithology, in contrast, had lower LRBS* than low‐gradient streams of similar size and disturbance. Correlations between D_gm and land disturbance were stronger than those observed between D*_cbf and land disturbance. This pattern suggests that land use has augmented sediment supplies and increased streambed fine sediments in the most disturbed streams. However, we also show evidence that some of the apparent reductions in LRBS*, particularly in steep streams draining small volcanic drainages, may have resulted in part from anthropogenic increases in bed shear stress. The synoptic survey methods and designs we use appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. More precise field measurements of channel slope, cross‐section geometry, and bed surface particle size would be required to use LRBS* in applications requiring a higher degree of accuracy and precision, such as site‐specific assessments at individual streams.     

聚硅基复合氯化铁絮凝剂的制备及其在采油废水处理中的应用

采用硅酸钠制备聚硅酸,探讨了活化pH、活化剂、硅酸钠浓度(以SiO_2质量分数计)及聚合温度等因素对聚硅酸稳定性的影响.利用聚硅酸及氯化铁制备聚硅基复合氯化铁(PSiF),并通过正交试验分析了活化pH、Si/Fe(摩尔比)、OH/Fe(摩尔比)、制备时间对PSiF絮凝性能的影响.综合考虑絮凝性能、稳定性以及经济性等因素,确定PSiF适宜的制备条件为SiO_2质量分数2%～3%;活化pH为2～3;Si/Fe为0.50～0.75;OH/Fe为0.50～0.75;制备时间为0.5 h;聚合温度低于25℃.对比PSiF、PAC、FeCl_3对采油废水的处理效果,PSiF除浊、除COD效果以及经济性最好,是一种应用前景广阔的新型絮凝剂.