Stability and Mixing of a Vertical Axisymmetric Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability, mixing and effect of downstream control on axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets discharging vertically into shallow stagnant water is studied using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with a buoyancy-extended k –ε model. The steady axisymmetric turbulent flow, temperature (or tracer concentration) and turbulence fields are computed using the finite volume method on a high resolution grid. The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different turbulent heated jet discharges and environmental parameters (i) a stable buoyant discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the vertical jet region in a surface warm water layer; and (ii) an unstable buoyant discharge with flow recirculation and re-entrainment of heated water. A stratified counterflow region always appears in the far-field for both stable and unstable buoyant discharges. Provided that the domain radius L exceeds about 6H, the near field interaction and hence discharge stability is governed chiefly by the jet momentum length scale to depth ratio l_M/H, regardless of downstream control. The near field jet stability criterion is determined to be l_M/H = 3.5. A radial internal hydraulic jump always exists beyond the surface impingement region, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in dilution across the jump compared with vertical buoyant jet mixing. The predicted stability category, velocity and temperature/concentration fields are well-supported by experiments of all previous investigators.     

Multiple paternity and colony homeostasis in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lasius niger</Emphasis> ants

Multiple mating by social insect queens is a common phenomenon despite likely imposing substantial costs on queens. Mating with several males could be adaptive if a more genetically diverse worker force is better able to always handle any task sufficiently well, leading to a higher colony homeostasis. If multiple-paternity colonies are more homeostatic, then I propose that they may constitute less stressful rearing environments for developing sexuals. The effective stress levels experienced by developing males and queens may, however, also depend on colony productivity and sex-ratio preferences. I tested these hypotheses in the ant Lasius niger by examining whether the fluctuating asymmetry, means and coefficients of variation of a set of phenotypic traits in males and new queens co-varied with the effective number of patrilines per colony, colony productivity or sex ratio.Little support was found that the level of intra-colonial genetic diversity affects the variation of phenotype in sexuals. In 1 out of 2 years, however, females from colonies with high effective patriline numbers were heavier relative to their head width than were females from colonies with few patrilines. Support was found for the hypothesis that colonies with more resources may invest more in individual sexuals, and tendencies suggested that sexuals may receive better treatment when they belong to the majority sex of their colony.Communicated by J. Heinze     

草炭溶解态有机物质与Cu2+、Cd2+络合稳定性的研究

研究了由草炭提取的胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、水溶解态有机物质(WSOM)的基团特征,分子量分布及其与Cu2+、Cd2+两种金属离子之间的络合稳定性。对HA、FA及WSOM的红外光谱研究显示三者的官能团组成相似,只是含量略有不同。固态13C-NMR对HA、FA及WSOM结构特征的描述以及水相凝胶色谱法对三种有机质样品的分子量及分子量分布的测定结果显示HA分子最大且含有大量的长链烷烃,而FA分子小得多,结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主,WSOM的分子量略低于FA,结构与FA相近。离子交换平衡法对三种有机质样品与Cu2+、Cd2+的络合配位数和稳定常数的测定结果显示两种介质条件下络合配位数(x)、络合稳定常数(logk)的次序均为:Cu2+>Cd2+;同一介质条件下,对不同有机质而言均满足:M-HA>M-FA>M-WSOM。     

Hydrogeomorphic considerations in development planning and stormwater management,central Texas Hill Country,USA

Watershed ordinances in Austin, Texas, USA, are intended to protect streams from stormwater degradation. Their adequacy is being questioned, however, where development is advancing into the Hill Country northwest and southwest of the city. Detailed investigation into hillslope runoff reveals that several important facts were overlooked in the ordinances, including locally high infiltration rates and drainage basins, which function as partial area systems. As a result, development planning is not taking advantage of the natural mitigation potential of the land. Roads cut across infiltration and moisture retention areas on side slopes, enlarging the partial area system feeding streams with stormflows. In addition, most residential planning is not responsive to the stepped microtopography of Hill Country drainage basins and the critical scale at which local runoff processes operate. Recommendations include adjusting the scale and configuration of development to conform with local runoff processes and features and taking advantage of the water-absorbing capacities of basin side slopes. The lesson for ordinance writers is that standard models of community stormwater ordinances are not appropriate for all terrains, especially complex ones like the Texas Hill Country.     

Assemblage stability in stream fishes: A review

We quantified the stability of nine stream fish assemblages by calculating coefficients of variation of population size for assemblage members. Coefficients of variation were high and averaged over 96%; indicating that most assemblages were quite variable. Coefficient of variation (CV) estimates were not significantly affected by: (1) years of study, (2) mean abundance, (3) familial classification, or (4) mean interval between collections. We also detected minor regional differences in CVs. The high variability exhibited by many stream fish assemblages suggests that it may be difficult to detect the effects of anthropogenic disturbances using population data alone. Consequently, we urge managers to exercise caution in the evaluation of the effects of these disturbances. More long-term studies of the ecological characteristics of undisturbed stream fish assemblages are needed to provide a benchmark against which disturbed systems can be compared. We suggest that CVs are a better estimator of population/assemblage stability, than either Kendall's W or the standard deviation of the logarithms of numerical censuses. This conclusion is based on the following reasons. First, CVs scale population variation by the mean and, hence, more accurately measure population variability. Second, this scaling permits the comparison of populations with different mean abundances. Finally, the interpretation of CV values is less ambiguous than either of the aforementioned metrics.     

AQUATIC HABITAT CONDITION INDEX,STREAM TYPE,AND LWESTOCK BANK DAMAGE IN NORTHERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The quality of stream habitat varies for a variety of natural and anthropogenic reasons not identified by a condition index. However, many people use condition indices to indicate management needs or even direction. To better sort natural from livestock influences, stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage were regulated to estimates of aquatic habitat condition index and stream width parameters in a large existing stream inventory data base. Pool/riffle ratio, pool structure, stream bottom materials, soil stability, and vegetation type varied significantly with stream type. Pool/riffle ratio, soil and vegetation stability varied significantly with ungulate bank damage level. Soil and vegetation stability were highly cross-correlated. Riparian area width did not vary significantly with either stream type or ungulate bank damage. Variation among stream types indicates that riparian management and monitoring should be stream type and reach specific.     

聚酚氧磷氰的合成及其应用

本文从聚合物的热稳定性和耐燃性角度出发，合成了线性聚二氯磷腈和聚酚氧磷腈，探索了各步的分离提纯方法，鉴定了化合物的结构。实验结果表明，聚酚氧磷腈的氧指数高达３３，热重分析显示聚酚氧磷腈具有较好的热稳定性，在８００℃时残余物仍为３３％，当将聚酚氧磷腈与聚苯乙烯相混合时，改善了聚苯乙烯的热稳定性和耐燃性。     

阻塞条件下地铁隧道坡度对烟气逆流长度影响研究

在隧道纵向通风系统设计中,烟气逆流长度是至关重要的参数,传统的理论预测模型多适用于公路隧道,对阻塞条件下有坡度的地铁隧道烟气逆流长度的研究较少。通过理论分析、缩尺寸实验和FDS数值模拟,推导了适用于阻塞条件下有坡度的地铁隧道的无量纲烟气逆流长度模型,得到了烟气逆流长度随坡度的变化规律。研究结果表明,基于FDS模拟的水平地铁隧道烟气逆流长度与实验结果变化规律基本一致,该FDS模型可以研究不同坡度工况,且逆流长度随着坡度的增加呈增加趋势。     

直边坡参数对边坡稳定性的影响

采用量纲分析的方法给出直边坡几何参数和物理力学参数决定边坡稳定系数的通式。首先,边坡高度H和边坡角α被确定为直边坡的几何参数,抗拉强度σt、黏聚力C、内摩擦角和岩土比重γ被确定为直边坡的物理力学参数;其次,采用量纲分析的方法,形式上给出边坡稳定系数F的通式,F=qαpα(C/Hγ)pcφpφ(σt/Hγ)pσ;再次,为了得到待定系数q和待定指数pα、pc、pφ、pσ,通过最小二乘法对数万个计算结果进行回归分析(每个结果都是通过FLAC计算将确定的直边坡参数与它的稳定系数形成对应)。结果表明,在一定的取值范围内,边坡稳定系数的表达式为F=4.63/α(C/Hγ)0.17φ0.83。可见,受MohrCoulomb和拉应力两个强度准则控制的岩土材料形成的直边坡的稳定性受无量纲的黏聚力、边坡角(角度)、内摩擦角(角度)的控制,与抗拉强度关系不大。无量纲黏聚力是黏聚力除以边坡高度和岩土比重。     

基于流固耦合的充气滑梯安全稳定性研究

大型充气式滑梯的主要失效原因为风载作用下的倾覆。通过分析充气式滑梯在典型风载工况下的受力情况,应用ANSYS软件对充气式滑梯的几种锚固方案进行流固耦合仿真模拟。对仿真结果进行分析,得出该工况下的最佳锚固方案。提出一个校核锚固角度的公式,并计算出锚固绳与地面的角度须在30°~60°。依据分析结果,提出锚固点设置的具体措施,设施的整体高度超过3 m时,须在其主承风面高处位置增设辅助锚固点,以降低倾覆力矩和设施主体变形。