小城镇生活垃圾污染现状与防治对策

目前,生活污染是造成我国小城镇环境整体退化的主要原因。本文对小城镇生活污染的主体——生活垃圾的特点和污染现状进行了评述,进一步分析了原因并提出解决对策。     

小体积液液萃取-GC/MS法测定地表水中有机磷农药

采用小体积液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中有机磷农药,以1.2 mL正己烷为萃取剂,磷酸三苯酯为内标,对8种目标化合物的富集倍数达156～436.方法在1.00 μg/L～20.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,8种有机磷农药的检出限均为0.2 μg/L,实际水样平行测定的RSD为2.1%～9.7%,平均加标回收率...     

香港石岗——小溪磷、氮浓度的变化及影响因素

研究香港石岗一条小溪在1991年夏雨季溪流中氮和磷的浓度及其在暴雨过程中的变化。结果表明:在基本径流中的氮、磷浓度很低,而在暴雨期间,溪流的氮、磷浓度随水文过程线的上升而增加,但随着暴雨时间的延长,氮、磷浓度随水文过程线增加的趋势会逐渐减弱。与小溪下游汇入的河流比较来看,人为活动对河流的氮、磷浓度影响较大,如不加以控制,将会引起水质恶化。      

舟山群岛港口发展有广阔前景

舟山海域位于长江水道和我国南北洋通道交汇的前沿,是我国南北海运的要冲与江海联运的枢纽,地理位置非常优越。舟山的三大优势资源“鱼、港、景”中,港的优势得天独厚拥有极为丰富的深水岩线,建设第四、五代大型集装箱泊位及其他大型深水泊位,发展潜能很大。舟山港域的发展提出了三点建议：１、充分利用区域优势,北依上海,南托宁波,定位于华东沿海重要的区域性洪口,成为长江三角洲口群体中的一个重要组成部分。２、利用岛屿     

Environmental Vulnerability Indicators for Environmental Planning and Decision-Making: Guidelines and Applications

Environmental decision-making and policy-making at all levels refers necessarily to synthetic, approximate quantification of environmental properties such as vulnerability, conservation status, and ability to recover after perturbation. Knowledge of such properties is essential to informed decision-making, but their definition is controversial and their precise characterization requires investments in research, modeling, and data collection that are only possible in the most developed countries. Environmental agencies and governments worldwide have increasingly requested numerical quantification or semiquantitative ranking of such attributes at the ecosystem, landscape, and country level. We do not have a theory to guide their calculation, in general or specific contexts, particularly with the amount of resources usually available in such cases. As a result, these measures are often calculated with little scientific justification and high subjectivity, and such doubtful approximations are used for critical decision-making. This problem applies particularly to countries with weak economies, such as small island states, where the most precious environmental resources are often concentrated. This paper discusses frameworks for a “least disappointing,” approximate quantification of environmental vulnerability. After a review of recent research and recent attempts to quantify environmental vulnerability, we discuss models and theoretical frameworks for obtaining an approximate, standardizable vulnerability indicator of minimal subjectivity and maximum generality. We also discuss issues of empirical testing and comparability between indicators developed for different environments. To assess the state of the art, we describe an independent ongoing project developed in the South Pacific area and aimed to the comparative evaluation of the vulnerability of arbitrary countries.     

湟水河小流域地下水脆弱性评价

湟水河地处西北高原干旱地区,针对其流域地下水的特点,选取包气带介质、水位埋深、含水层介质、含水层厚度、净补给量和地形坡度共6个指标并运用三标度AHP法为各个指标赋予权重,构建了改进的DRASTIC模型。运用改进DRASTIC模型对湟水河的小流域范围的地下水脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,湟水河沿岸的部分地区和西堡村附近地下水脆弱性高,地下水易受到污染。与传统DRASTIC模型相比,改进模型与实际情况更加吻合。     

Is small hydropower beautiful? Social impacts of river fragmentation in China’s Red River Basin

Small hydropower (SHP) is promoted as a pro-poor renewable energy source that does not have the negative social impacts of large dams. This article challenges these claims, using data from a household survey in China’s upper Red River Basin. We find that SHP can fragment river systems in ways that reduce irrigation water availability, provoke changes to agricultural practices, and negatively impact river health. These social impacts of river fragmentation mainly occur in villages situated between a plant’s intake and outflow. The frequency of plant water diversions due to continued generation in the dry season significantly predicts all social impacts; installed capacity of the plant and the quality of the village’s irrigation infrastructure predict some impacts. Villages with strong local governance can negotiate with the plant to temporarily halt generation when irrigation water is needed, lessening social impacts. Our findings reveal that SHP plants are not as benign as they are made out to be; they must be built and managed according to community needs.     

南海岛礁环境下304不锈钢腐蚀行为分析

目的 研究304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁大气、飞溅、潮差和全浸区环境下暴露0.5 a的腐蚀行为与规律.方法 通过实海环境适应性试验,获取304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁环境下的腐蚀数据.通过腐蚀形貌观察,明确304不锈钢的主要腐蚀形式.通过电化学测试分析,评价304不锈钢耐蚀性能,阐明其腐蚀机理.结果 304不锈钢在南海岛礁环境下以点蚀为主,4个区带的平均腐蚀速率分别为0.8、1.1、1.3、3.2μm/a,平均点蚀深度分别为13.57、15.26、18.62、2.43μm,最大点蚀深度分别为28.85、35.63、32.93、40.25μm.交流阻抗和Mott-Schottky曲线测试结果显示,四个区带试样的电荷传递阻抗分别为1.27×107、8.76×106、7.35×105和5.76×105?·cm2,载流子含量分别为6.56×1022、1.01×1023、2.80×1023和4.15×1023 cm?3.在全浸环境下,304不锈钢钝化膜破损最严重,耐蚀性下降最大.结论 在大气区和飞溅区,304不锈钢以点蚀为主,并在固定部位伴随有轻微缝隙腐蚀;在潮差区和全浸区,由于钙镁沉积物和海生物附着,304不锈钢表面形成大量Cl?饱和、低溶解氧浓度的腐蚀微电池环境,发生了严重的局部腐蚀,且以全浸区最为严重.     

燃煤小锅炉替代方案论证及效益分析——以济南市为例

通过对燃煤小锅炉各可行替代方案的分析,从环境标准要求、政策要求、环境效益、经济效益和节能等方面,论证了燃煤小锅炉替代的必要性与可行性。结果表明天然气、电和生物质锅炉及集中供热均具有良好的环境效益和经济可行性,可作为燃煤小锅炉的替代方案。济南市通过实施燃煤小锅炉替代,预计将减少烟尘排放量182.61 t/a,减少SO_2排放量898.8 t/a,减少NO_x排放量2 710.7 t/a,与淘汰前燃煤小锅炉排放量相比,分别降低了87.7%、82.9%和86.2%,年可节约折标煤140 903.27 t。节能减排效益显著。可为同类燃煤小锅炉替代工程提供参考。     

Interannual fluctuations in acoustic biomass estimates and in landings of small pelagic fish populations in relation to hydrology in the Strait of Sicily

The main results of research work carried out since 1998 with regard to the application of hydro-acoustic technologies for the evaluation of biomass and distribution of small pelagic fish species off the southern coast of Sicily are presented, taking into account information from hydrology and from ecology of the fish populations targeted. The biomass estimates and the population-density charts presented concern the two main species, i.e. sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both the sardine and anchovy populations experienced large inter-annual fluctuations, with biomass estimates ranging from 6000 to over 36,000 tonnes (t) (sardine) and from about 7000 to 23,000 t (anchovy). Acoustic estimates are largely consistent with landings recorded in Sciacca (the main fishing port for small pelagic species in the study area) during the year following the evaluation surveys. In addition, trends in sardine and anchovy biomass estimates appears to be negatively correlated with the mean sea surface temperature calculated over the time intervals January-September (sardine) and June-November (anchovy) of the preceding year, which correspond to larval and juvenile growth periods of target species. Observed patterns would suggest the importance of enrichment processes relevant to the survival of early stages, so determining recruitment success and finally higher population sizes.