重视沿海地区控制工业污染出现的新问题

沿海地区对外开放１５年来，外资、合资、集体、个体企业在工业结构中的比重明显增加。它们均要求有良好的投资环境，依靠社会办企业。新兴工业多集中在城镇附近，厂址不少选在较关键的须加强环境保护的地区，如自然保护区，水源保护区等附近。在此情况下，必须按社会主义市场经济规律征收资源费和排污费等；须加强环境规划，建立环境管理系统，有效控制污染源；为保证受损环境得到恢复，必须加强环境建设和环境投资。     

生态价值的整体性研究

生态价值的自然基础是生态系统,生态系统、生态系统功能和能值衡量都具有整体性特征.生态价值的主体意识体现着人类的需求,生态恢复和生态消费需要社会整体的规划和管理.生态价值的自然基础和主体需要决定了它的整体性特征,速对宏微观经济发展都具有重要的指导意义.     

用灰色组合模型预测环保投资

针对环保投资变化的非平稳性，采用灰以ＧＭ（１，１）模型分析环保投资的趋势项并与历史环保投资比较得一系列残差，然后应用人工神经网络模型进行了正以提高精度。     

Sex allocation in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta: do females behave in agreement with Fisher's theory?

Fisher's theory of sex allocation predicts that, in a panmictic population, parental investment will be equally distributed between male and female progeny. Most studies on parental investment in nesting solitary bees and wasps use offspring or provision weight as estimators of parental investment and do not corroborate Fisher's theory. The measurement of parental investment may be confounded by several factors. First, the use of offspring or provision size does not account for seasonal variation in foraging costs associated with aging of nesting females. Second, provision or offspring size do not reflect parental investment associated with nest construction. In this two-year study we measured parental investment in a solitary bee. We calculated sex allocation using both provision weight and foraging time as parental investment estimators. Investment in pollen-nectar provisions decreased, while investment in mud structures (nest construction) increased, as the nesting period progressed. Overall investment in provisions per nest was ∼25 times higher than investment in mud. Pollen-nectar foraging trips became longer as the season progressed, but mud trip duration did not vary. Due to weather differences between years, more offspring per female were produced in the first year, but progeny sex ratio and mean offspring size of both sexes were similar between years. Mortality did not differ between sexes. As predicted by Fisher's theory, production cost ratios did not differ from 1 in either year, irrespective of the currency used to estimate parental investment (provision weight or foraging time). Our results strongly support Fisher's theory.     

Yolk androgen deposition as a compensatory strategy

The deposition of androgens into the yolks of eggs can have long-lasting effects on the growth and development of young birds. It has been proposed that female birds and reptiles deposit yolk androgens according to the differential allocation hypothesis (DAH), which posits the allocation of more resources to offspring sired by more attractive, higher-quality males. We examined deposition patterns of yolk androgens in relation to mate attractiveness in the house finch Carpodacus mexicanus. Contrary to the predictions of the DAH, female house finches deposited significantly more androgens into eggs sired by less attractive males. We propose that, rather than serving as resources, androgens are used as mediators in a compensatory distribution strategy, enabling females to improve the quality of young produced with less attractive males.     

Using Economic and Regulatory Incentives to Restore Endangered Species: Lessons Learned from Three New Programs

Abstract:  We studied three new incentive-based programs for restoring endangered species on private lands in the United States: safe harbor, Environmental Defense's Landowner Conservation Assistance Program, and conservation banking. For each program, we gathered data on the number of participating landowners, the number of species targeted for assistance, and the cumulative acreage of enrolled land. Measured in this way, both safe harbor and the Landowner Conservation Assistance Program have been remarkably successful. Landowners are drawn to three aspects of these programs: (1) the removal of regulatory burdens associated with attracting endangered species to their property; (2) technical guidance on how to restore habitats for endangered species; and (3) cost-share assistance for habitat restoration. Technical guidance appears to be more important than either regulatory relief or financial assistance in securing the cooperation of some landowners. Assessing the success or failure of conservation banking proved more difficult, given the relatively small number of banks created to date and the lack of any centralized database on them. However, nearly half of the 47 endangered-species conservation banks we surveyed have sold credits, indicating some success in either acquiring or restoring essential habitats.     

Risk-taking by female ducks: intra- and interspecific tests of nest defense theory

We tested several predictions of nest defense theory by observing variation in flushing distance and probability of nest abandonment within and between six species of waterfowl. In these species, only the females incubate eggs and attend offspring. First, we examined whether flushing distance by females varied in relation to clutch size, stage of incubation, and time of season, after controlling for the number of visits made to nests by observers. Revisits by observers appeared to affect flushing distance by females for reasons unrelated to the relative value of the current clutch. We found that as incubation progressed, females allowed observers to approach more closely before flushing from the nest. In some species, females with larger clutches allowed closer approaches to nests before flushing which was also consistent with nest defense theory. In contrast, time of season (Julian date) did not relate to flushing distance for any species. When species were compared, we found that species with moderate to high yearly mortality and high reproductive output per breeding attempt (e.g., northern shoveler and blue-winged teal) were less likely to abandon nesting attempts and exhibited riskier behavior (remained at nests when approached closely by observers) than species that had lower yearly mortality (e.g., mallard). Our results show that flushing distance and patterns of nest abandonment by female ducks conform to several predictions of nest defense theory.Correspondence to: M.R.L. Forbes     

Determinants of parental effort: a behavioural study in the Eurasian kestrel,Falco tinnunculus

We recorded behaviour of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in western Finland during the courtship (1988–1992), incubation (1989–1991), early nestling (age of young 1–2 weeks, 1989–1992) and late nestling stages (3–4 weeks, 1989–1991) to examine determinants of their parental effort (PE). In males, PE was estimated as the hunting effort (the proportion of budget time spent in flight-hunting) and in females as the food provisioning rate (number of prey items delivered to the nest per hour). The following predictions derived from the parental investment theory were examined. (1) Parents rearing large clutches and broods should invest more in breeding than do parents rearing small clutches and broods. The hunting effort of parents did not increase with clutch or brood size, but males tending large broods had a higher prey delivery rate than males tending small broods (Figs 1–2). (2) PE of parents should increase in the course of the breeding season. In males, this was true only between the incubation and early nestling phases (Fig. 3). (3) The early pairs should invest more in breeding than late ones. This tended to be true during the early (for males) and late nestling phases (for females) (Fig. 4). (4) There should be a negative correlation between PE of mates within pairs, but no evidence for such adjustment was found (Fig. 5). (5) Females mated with bright-coloured attractive males should show higher PE than females mated with dull-coloured males but our results were inconsistent with this prediction. We conclude that PE decisions of kestrels are mainly based on cost-benefit estimates of residual reproductive value, rather than on current investment indicators, like clutch or brood size. This might be beneficial in environments with highly variable survival prospects of offspring caused by pronounced among-year variation in abundance of the main food (microtine rodents). The results also show that hypotheses explaining variation in PE in the short term are not necessarily valid for long-term PE, e.g. tending clutches or broods, which also reflects the demands of female and young.     

试论投资项目环境评价的理论基础

对投资项目进行环境影响评价是人类社会发展的必然产物,是人类实现可持续发展的必然要求,是有效解决人类生态困境的根本性环节之一.目前对投资项目的环境影响评价明显不足,现阶段,应加强其理论基础的研究.以可持续发展为目标对环境生态学、环境经济学和环境系统科学等相关理论进行深入的研究,并采取相应措施是进行有效环境影响评价的重要保证.     

Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｒｅｔｗｏｍａｉｎａｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｃｈｉｎａｈａｓｂｅｅｎｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｕｒｓｅｓ．ＩｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｒｂａｎｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｏｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｆｒｏｍ２５－８１％ｉｎ１９８８ｔｏ２９－９２％ｉｎ１９９７（ＳＳＢ，１９９０；…