地方政府土地违法:财政激励还是引资激励?

地方政府的土地利用行为及动机是理解我国土地违法问题的关键。现有研究重点关注了地方政府土地违法的财政激励而忽视了引资激励,无法解释地方土地违法中涉及大量工业用地的现象。本文立足现行的分税制及官员晋升考核体制,从理论上分析了财政激励和引资激励对地方政府土地违法行为的影响及其差异,并据此提出研究假说:(1)财政激励和引资激励都是地方政府土地违法的重要驱动因素。(2)地方政府在土地财政和土地引资上的目的不同导致二者的违法收益及风险存在差异,这使得引资激励的驱动作用可能更强。然后,基于2008—2014年的省际面板数据,构建计量模型对研究假说进行了实证检验,结果表明:在全国层面,财政激励和引资激励都对地方政府的土地违法行为存在显著正向影响,且后者的作用更强。在东、中、西部的区域层面,东、中部地区的土地违法主要受引资激励影响,财政激励的作用并不显著;而西部地区的土地违法则受财政激励和引资激励的共同影响,且后者的作用更强。这一结果意味着,相对于财政激励,引资激励是驱使地方政府土地违法的更重要因素。由此,在土地违法问题的治理上,除了针对地方政府面临的财政激励进行财政体制改革,更重要的是针对引资激励开展官员绩效考核改革。     

Private Participation Going Public? Interpreting the Nexus Between Design,Frames, Roles,and Context of the Fracking ‘InfoDialog’ in Germany

At an early stage of the rising fracking controversy in Germany, ExxonMobil initiated a rather large and costly company dialogue to defuse public concerns over fracking. To shed light on the public implications of private participation, this study analyses how this so-called InfoDialog attempted to reach this goal, and what the consequences were. For this purpose, an interpretive analytical perspective that employs concepts of conflict and participation analysis is adopted. Following this perspective, several design features of the InfoDialog and their implications for the framing of the fracking issue are reconstructed. This provides the ground for analysing the roles that the InfoDialog could play in coping with the fracking controversy. Finally, the dialogue's embeddedness in the context of the emerging fracking debate in Germany is examined. The analysis suggests that the InfoDialog could not defuse the public controversy over fracking by scientization. However, as a forerunner in the emerging politics of expertise, it has supported a particular framing of the public controversy. These insights provoke further critical questions about the implications of privately organized participation arrangements regarding public controversies.     

关于深化环保投资体制改革的若干思考

在分析现行环保投资体制改革进程的基础上,提出了深化我国环保投资体制改革的总体目标、基本内容及其外部条件。为了保证足够的环保投入,提高环保投资效益,当前,政府部门应抓住改革的有利时机,稳妥、适时和有重点地推进环保投资体制的深化改革。      

新疆环境保护投资状况与问题分析

环境保护投资对预防和治理环境污染、改善环境状况具有重要作用。新疆经济发展基础薄弱,环境保护投资任务艰巨,从投资规模、投资结构、投资方向、投资主体等方面,分析了新疆环境保护投资状况及存在的主要问题,为决策部门提供参考。     

Labour challenges and mercury management at gold mills in Zimbabwe: Examining production processes and proposals for change

The use of mercury in small-scale gold mining has been a growing concern in many parts of Africa. However, although the negative effects of mercury pollution are increasingly reported, little has been written about how labour relationships and gold production challenges in mining communities affect mercury management practices. This article provides an integrative analysis of small-scale gold extraction processes, labour challenges, and mercury use at gold mills in Zimbabwe, focusing on a gold rush area in Mashonaland West Province. It examines practices employed by miners who have limited economic capacities to upgrade technologies, and how the complex relationships between miners, mill owners and government regulators affect environmental performance. The study draws attention to how poor environmental management practices relate to labour inequities, low gold recovery as well as the informal gold trade dynamics amid the country's economic crisis. Results of a United Nations-supported stakeholder consultation process are discussed, with proposals for improving labour conditions and reducing environmental risk. The article highlights why the government should develop and support local programs to assist miners, as well as the decisive roles mill owners could take in ensuring improved standards on their sites.     

Small-scale mining in China: Assessing recent advances in the policy and regulatory framework

This paper explores the background of a proposed revision to the Mineral Resources Law of China, why and how the law was amended in the past, its salient features and objectives. Of equal importance is an analysis of how this national law, with its attendant regulations and policies, formed the basis for the growth and continued development of China's small-scale mining industry. The Xiaoqingling Gold Mountain case study is shown to justify the necessity and feasibility for formalizing and consolidating small-scale mines in China, and to some extent, the success of the nation-wide ASM resource consolidation policy at a local level.     

安全生产效益的分析评价及其与安全投入的关系

通过把握和界定安全效益、安全投入等反映安全生产的经济活动特征和规律的经济学范畴的内涵,指出从企业的经营利润指标上看安全投入不能带来直接经济效益,只产生远期(长远)的、潜在的间接性效益,包括间接经济效益和非经济效益,安全投入的效益具有间接性、潜在性、隐形性、不确定性和迟滞性。由于生产安全事故风险不可能为零,当事故预防水平达到一定程度(可接受的程度及其以下)时,通过增加经济投入提高预防水平而对于事故风险的削减无明显的效果,就应考虑与经济效益的结合问题。笔者提出安全投入数量限度问题和安全投入的阈值;并进一步建立安全效益评价模型和安全投入与安全指标的函数关系模型,对安全投入与安全水平(安全指标)、安全效益的关联关系进行了定性分析。     

Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser?

In many mammalian species, female success in raising offspring improves as they age. The residual reproductive value hypothesis predicts that each individual offspring will be more valuable to the mother as she ages because there is less conflict between the current and potential future offspring. Therefore, as mothers age, their investment into individual offspring should increase. Empirical evidence for an influence of declining residual reproductive value on maternal investment is unconvincing. Older mothers may not invest more, but may be more successful due to greater experience, allowing them to target their investment more appropriately (targeted reproductive effort hypothesis). Most studies do not preclude either hypothesis. Mare age significantly influenced maternal investment in feral horses living on the North Island of New Zealand. Older mares, that were more successful at raising foals, were more protective for the first 20 days of life, but less diligent thereafter. Total maternal input by older mothers did not seem to be any greater, but was better targeted at the most critical period for foal survival and a similar pattern was observed in mares that had lost a foal in the previous year. In addition, older mothers were more likely to foal in consecutive years, supporting the hypothesis that they are investing less than younger mares in individual offspring. Therefore, older mothers seem to become more successful by targeting their investment better due to experience, not by investing more in their offspring. Received: 22 September 1999 / Received in revised form: 30 October 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 1999     

促进我国企业安全投入的对策

针对目前我国企业安全投入普遍偏少的现状,从企业目标出发,分析得出了影响企业目标的主要途径,即企业内部优化决策、企业之间生产竞争和引进高素质人才。并由主要途径分析安全投入对企业经济决策的影响,得出目前我国企业不积极进行安全投入的3点要因:由于企业决策者主观判断失误而导致的降低安全投入;企业为取得同行业之间的竞争先机,愿意冒险降低安全投入;由于企业安全生产状况信息的不透明,容易导致应聘者根据企业的规模、市场占有率、员工待遇等透明信息来判断企业安全生产状况,而导致安全投入少的企业易引进高素质人才。针对分析得出的结论,提出了一系列相应的对策措施,以改善我国的安全生产投入状况。     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.