NON-EFFICIENCY OBJECTIVES AND DECISION-MAKING IN WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS1

ABSTRACT: In spite of the rather large volume of literature suggesting that non-efficiency objectives ought to be incorporated into water resource planning frameworks, little has been done to date. A partial explanation is that when goals are in conflict we have no “objective” criteria upon which to make the trade-offs. Also, there are problems of measuring the degree to which various policy actions lead to achievement of various goals. Nevertheless, this paper argues that given the magnitude of the possible gains from incorporating these considerations, considerable effort to overcome these problems is justified. Accordingly, we outline some procedures for making these trade-offs and suggest an alternative (practical) planning framework.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.     

人因(HF)事故与事故征候分类标准及近十二年 中国民航HF事故与事故征候的分类统计报告

事故与事故征候分类标准和统计方法是民航飞行安全的一项基础性安全管理内容。笔者运用Reason的事故链模型制订了人因 (HF)事故与事故征候分类标准 ,并成功地运用于36 1起HF事故征候和 35起飞行事故的统计分析之中 ,获得了以下一些有实用价值的结果 :①不良的机组资源管理 (CRM )技能是影响我国民航飞行安全的主要因素 ;②基本驾驶术较差引起的事故征候率较高 ;③滑行阶段和巡航阶段发生的征候次数和所占百分比高于起飞、爬升、下降以及进近阶段 ;④主要征候类型为偏出、冲出跑道 ,危险接近 ,擦机尾、翼尖、发动机以及地面撞障碍物 ;⑤排在前三位的飞行事故为机组原因造成飞机失控、撞山以及冲出跑道 ;⑥发生次数和百分比排在前四位的机组错误分别是操纵不当、违反规章程序飞行、迷航及飞错高度     

谈科技论文的写作规范

为使作者、编辑在科技论文写作与编审更趋规范，根据审稿工作中遇到的诸多共性问题，系统地阐述了科技论文写作的规范。     

乐山市诱发地震的社会影响及对策

本文简述了健为县罗城镇的注水采盐诱发地震和沙湾区铜街子水库蓄水诱发地震的影响及对策。     

PROCESS-ORIENTED ESTIMATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION1

ABSTRACT: Least squares regression and ARIMA models were developed from suspended sediment data for the Ausable River, Southern Ontario, Canada. A poor correlation between discharge and suspended sediment concentration results from the dynamics of the physical system, including seasonality, antecedent conditions, and hysteresis. Regression model results were significantly improved by the division of the data set into seasons and the addition of simple. but physically meaningful variables. Misleading improvements obtained from the regression of sediment load and discharge are discussed. ARIMA models provided accurate forecasts of sediment concentration on a real-time basis, but the rigorous data requirements limit their use in modeling suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian rivers.     

中国地震灾害与人文要素的相关性分析

中国的地震灾害与人员伤亡为世界最严重的国家之一，这不仅由于地震多、震级大、烈度高，多数地方建筑物抗震性能较低，而且还与人文因素密切相关。本文着重讨论了人品密度与震害伤亡人数的相关性，并分析了作息时间、作业方式、地震预报、心理状态等人文要素与震害伤亡人数的相关性。     

Bordeaux: urban renovation,conservation and rehabilitation

Over the past thirty years Bordeaux's politicians and planners have played critical roles in both changing and conserving the inner environments of one of France's most attractive provincial cities. A succession of urban policies has been implemented to attempt to halt depopulation, economic decline and environmental degradation in the inner city. These policies reflect changing emphasis in national planning for urban areas and have ranged from slum clearance and total renovation in the Mériadeck district, to a recent more socially aware set of approaches that attempt to rehabilitate inner‐city housing and promote neighbourhood well‐being in the district of Saint Michel. Investment in architectural conservation continues apace and both private and public capital is being directed to improving housing stock in the inner city. Attempts to revitalise economic activities have achieved modest success but more socially orientated policies prove difficult to implement.     

Social-environmental certification: Sustainable development and competitiveness in the mineral industry of the Brazilian Amazon

This article examines the relationship between increased metal mining and sustainable development in the eastern section of the Amazonian state of Pará in Brazil. Since the early 1980s, mining has grown rapidly in Pará and local mining operations have become global leaders in the production of iron, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, gold, copper and — in the near future — nickel. To stay in tune with global standards, these companies have committed themselves to the principles of sustainability and have obtained certification for both social and environmental aspects of their activities. The article looks into whether such certification is linked to sustainable development of the relatively poor regions where these companies operate. The main findings are that: (1) there is a visible association between certification and improved performance by the companies, but not with the development of nearby areas; and (2) social‐environmental certification processes place more emphasis on ecological variables than on social ones.     

Kerbside collection: A case study from the north-west of England

It is widely agreed that public support is vital to the success of most recycling schemes; the actions of householders are paramount to the success of sustainable waste policies. However, the success of recycling schemes is not just dependent on public participation; it is also dependent on careful planning, effective design and tailoring to local needs.This study has evaluated a kerbside recycling scheme in the north-west of England by comparing the recycling performance of those on alternate collections of residual waste and recyclates with those on weekly residual collections and fortnightly recyclate collections. Three data collection methodologies were adopted: postal questionnaires, set-out rate monitoring, and personal interviews with policy writers.The results demonstrated that alternate collections produce higher recycling set-out rates, suggesting that alternate collections will also generate higher recycling rates. The research showed that if designed and complemented by other services, then an alternate collection system is a realistic waste management approach. However, the local authority and the public appear to use different indicators of success for the scheme. The local authority uses governmental performance indicators (such as best value performance indicators—BVPIs) to measure success, whereas the public's indicators of success tend to focus more on issues such as required changes to established behaviours, convenience and personal preferences.A key recommendation from this study is that all local authorities should carry out local opinion surveys on an annual basis to supplement the BVPIs required by statute. This should help them to fill the information gaps in order to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date and user-responsive waste management service to the public.