An Index to Determine Vulnerability of Communities in a Coastal Zone: A Case Study of Baler, Aurora, Philippines

A coastal community vulnerability index (CCVI) was constructed to evaluate the vulnerability of coastal communities (Buhangin, Pingit, Reserva, Sabang, and Zabali) in the municipality of Baler, Aurora, Philippines. This index was composed of weighted averages of seven vulnerability factors namely geographical, economic and livelihood, food security, environmental, policy and institutional, demographic, and capital good. Factor values were computed based on scores that described range of conditions that influence communities’ susceptibility to hazard effects. Among the factors evaluated, economic and livelihood, policy and institutional and food security contributed to CCVI across communities. Only small variations on CCVI values (i.e., 0.47–0.53) were observed as factor values cancelled out one another during combination process. Overall, Sabang received the highest CCVI, which was contributed mainly by geographical and demographic factors. This technique to determine factors that influenced communities’ vulnerability can provide information for local governments in enhancing policies on risk mitigation and adaptation.     

Alterations in soil microbial activity and N-transformation processes due to sulfadiazine loads in pig-manure

Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, it is unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) on the soil microbial communities. It was shown that manure alone has a stimulating effect on microbial activity. Only potential nitrification was negatively influenced by manure application. The addition of SDZ to the manure reduced microbial activity. Depending on the SDZ concentration, levels of activity were in the range of the control soil without manure application. Also, selected processes in nitrogen turnover were negatively influenced by the addition of SDZ to the manure, with nitrification being the only exception. The effects were visible for up to 4 days after application of the manure with or without SDZ and were correlated with the bioavailability of the antibiotic.     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated.Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrffying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.     

降水与氮沉降变化对草地关键氮过程的影响研究进展

研究降水格局变化和氮沉降增加对草地氮循环关键过程的影响,探索不同氮循环过程对未来全球气候变化的叠加效应和适应特征,为最终调节氮素转化过程,提高草地氮素利用效率并降低其生态环境负效应提供科学依据.本文综述了不同水分、氮素以及水氮耦合作用分别对植物氮库、土壤氮库的影响,同时分析了在这些条件变化下可能存在的微生物和酶活性变化的驱动机制.在此基础上探讨了水、氮变化对草地氮循环关键过程影响的不确定性以及目前研究中存在的主要问题.     

金泽水库库区细菌群落构建过程与关键驱动因子分析

为探究微污染水生态系统中细菌群落对人为干扰响应所依赖的生态机制,基于生态零模型(ecological null model),应用拟合分析(fitting analysis)研究了环境因子与金泽水库来水及库区不同区域间细菌群落构建过程的关系.结果表明,细菌群落在系统发育上的聚类比预期要分散得多(SES.MNTD的单样本t检验95%置信下限为9.79).温度是影响群落系统发育的重要因子.随机性过程(stochastic processes)和确定性过程(deterministic processes)在不同样品细菌群落演替中的相对重要性呈明显的季节性特征.春、夏和秋季样品细菌群落演替由随机性过程主导,冬季则由随机性过程和确定性过程共同主导.NH⁺₄-N是影响随机性过程和确定性过程相对重要性的主要环境因子.NH⁺₄-N浓度为0.06～0.40 mg·L^-1时,由随机性过程主导;NH⁺₄-N浓度为0.40～0.80 mg·L^-1<...     

重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni对旱伞草富集能力及其生理生化指标的影响

采用水培方法,研究了在不同重金属 Cr(Ⅵ)(0~50 mg/L)和Ni(0~50 mg/L) 浓度下旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)的富集能力及生理生化指标的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)旱伞草中积累的重金属含量随处理浓度的增加逐渐增加, Cr(Ⅵ)在其地上部和根部富集量分别达到 958.00 mg/kg和2 874.44 mg/kg,Ni 在其地上部和根部富集量分别达到1 655.46 mg/kg和2 511.20 mg/kg;(2)在 Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni 胁迫下,随着 Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni 浓度的增加,旱伞草生物量、叶绿素含量、根系活力均呈先上升后下降的趋势;(3)脯氨酸的含量随着Cr(Ⅵ) 胁迫浓度的增加,呈现为先上升后降低的趋势,而随着Ni 胁迫浓度的增加,则为先缓慢上升而后急剧升高。旱伞草对 Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni 具有较强的富集能力且主要分布在根部,虽不是 Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni 超积累植物,但具有较强的稳定化能力,在污染水体的修复方面有一定应用潜力。     

紫外线-氯联合高级氧化体系降解水中的萘普生

采用高级氧化(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)技术去除水体中的药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)污染物,选取PPCPs中的典型物质萘普生(NPX)为研究对象,探讨了其在UV/氯体系中的降解特性。结果表明：在UV/氯体系中,NPX的降解遵循拟一级动力学模型。氯剂量越高,溶液pH越低,越有利于NPX的降解;不同水基质种类对UV/氯工艺降解NPX的效果有不同影响,HCO3-和HA的存在抑制了NPX的降解,而Cl-的存在明显促进了NPX的降解。UV/氯工艺是一种行之有效的处理PPCPs的技术,但与直接氯氧化相比,UV/氯工艺会有生成更多消毒副产物的风险,需要在实际应用中加以注意。     

背景水质对过流式VUV/UV反应器降解水中阿特拉津的影响

为探究连续流进水模式下水中复杂的背景物质对真空紫外/紫外 (VUV/UV) 高级氧化工艺效率的影响,采用过流式VUV/UV反应器,考察了水中不同浓度的氯离子 (Cl^–) 、碱度 (HCO₃^–) 、硝酸盐 (NO₃^–) 和溶解性有机物 (DOM) 对微量污染物阿特拉津 (ATZ) 降解的影响。结果表明,上述背景组分对ATZ的VUV/UV降解均表现出一定的抑制作用,辐照时间为30 s时,ATZ去除率从空白组中的57%分别最多下降至33%、29%、40%和35%,且过流式条件下的抑制程度与文献中序批式反应器中的略有不同。污染物去除率下降的原因在于,一方面,三种无机阴离子都对VUV辐射有一定的蔽光效应,NO₃^–强于Cl^–强于HCO₃^–;另一方面,VUV辐照下Cl^–产生的Cl·和Cl₂^•–、NO₃^–产生的NO₂·和HO·都能补充水中氧化性自由基浓度,使得VUV贡献的ATZ降解速率常数的抑制程度低于VUV光子被阴离子竞争吸收的比例,但HCO₃^–对HO·较强的清除作用则导致了ATZ的降解速率常数的快速下降。低浓度DOM在VUV/UV辐照下可能产生的活性物种抵消了其对VUV/UV辐射的蔽光效应,但高浓度DOM对HO·的清除作用仍使其对ATZ降解产生了显著的抑制。在所有考察的水质条件下,ATZ降解所需的单位能耗E_EO介于0.61~1.56 kWh·m^-3。     

生态文明建设中的社会共治：结构、机制与实现路径--以“绿色浙江”为例

从发达国家的经验来看,多元主体社会共治是环境保护和建设生态文明的有效途径,也是生态文明建设的必然趋势。本文以＆quot;绿色浙江＆quot;为例,重点分析了其在组织结构上的独特性,处理和政府、企业之间关系的巧妙性和平衡性,还分析了＆quot;绿色浙江＆quot;在环境保护项目中经常运用的公众参与机制、圆桌协商机制、舆论倒逼机制和服务外包机制等。最后,文章提出生态文明建设中社会共治的实现路径包括两个方面：环保组织要加强核心技术的开发和公益人才的培养,地方政府则要完善《中华人民共和国环境保护法》关于公众参与和信息公开的具体操作程序,扩大社会组织和市民群体参与本地生态文明建设的渠道和空间。