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251.
Management of riparian habitats has been recognized for its importance in reducing instream effects of agricultural nonpoint
source pollution. By serving as a buffer, well structured riparian habitats can reduce nonpoint source impacts by filtering
surface runoff from field to stream. A system has been developed where key characteristics of riparian habitat, vegetation
type, height, width, riparian and shoreline bank slope, and land use are classified as discrete categorical units. This classification
system recognizes seven riparian vegetation types, which are determined by dominant plant type. Riparian and shoreline bank
slope, in addition to riparian width and height, each consist of five categories. Classification by discrete units allows
for ready digitizing of information for production of spatial maps using a geographic information system (GIS). The classification
system was tested for field efficiency on Tom Beall Creek watershed, an agriculturally impacted third-order stream in the
Clearwater River drainage, Nez Perce County, Idaho, USA. The classification system was simple to use during field applications
and provided a good inventory of riparian habitat. After successful field tests, spatial maps were produced for each component
using the Professional Map Analysis Package (pMAP), a GIS program. With pMAP, a map describing general riparian habitat condition
was produced by combining the maps of components of riparian habitat, and the condition map was integrated with a map of soil
erosion potential in order to determine areas along the stream that are susceptible to nonpoint source pollution inputs. Integration
of spatial maps of riparian classification and watershed characteristics has great potential as a tool for aiding in making
management decisions for mitigating off-site impacts of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. 相似文献
252.
The integration of Landsat TM and environmental GIS data sets using artificial intelligence rule-induction and decision-tree
analysis is shown to facilitate the production of vegetation maps with both floristic and structural information. This technique
is particularly suited to vegetation mapping in disturbed or hilly environments that are unsuited to either conventional remote
sensing methods or GIS modeling using environmental data bases. 相似文献
253.
William R. Walker Carol J. Haley Phyllis Bridgeman Stephen H. Goldstein 《Environmental management》1991,15(3):441-449
A literature search and survey of Virginia, USA, campgrounds with RV pump-out stations were used to determine whether boat
holding-tank deodorant chemicals would have deleterious effects on marina septic systems or package treatment plants. Laboratory
studies reported in the literature indicate that these chemical additives could affect septic system function in three ways:
(1) active ingredients in the additives can impair sewage degradation in septic tanks, causing sludge buildup and overflow
of solids into the drainfield, (2) additive chemicals might enter the drainfield and, in high enough concentrations, reduce
the drainfield's ability to degrade waste, or (3) toxic additive chemicals might migrate from the drainfield to ground or
surface water. Laboratory studies also show that some ingredients added to holding tanks interfere with functioning of activated
sludge treatment process. Experience in the field and in other laboratory studies suggests that factors such as dilution of
treated waste with untreated waste and the characteristics of the sewage to be treated can reduce the possibility of damage
to septic and activated sludge systems. The campground owners surveyed indicated that they have few problems with their septic
systems in spite of the presence of chemical additives in the RV waste. However, most of them practice good septic system
maintenance and have devised other means of ensuring that their systems function efficiently. In addition, the survey indicates
that most Virginia campgrounds get only seasonal use (as would marinas in Virginia), allowing their systems to recover between
peak seasons. 相似文献
254.
Miki M. Stuebe Douglas M. Johnston 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(4):611-620
ABSTRACT: Rainfall runoff of six watersheds was modeled via the Soil Conservation Service runoff curve number model in two ways: conventionally (manually) and via a geographic information system (GIS). Input data (elevation, soils, and landcover) were digital for the latter method. In contrast to previous studies, the GIS was ised for all phases of the modeling process, including watershed delineation and routing of runoff. A comparison between the two methods was consistent with results reported by others and indicates that the use of a GIS is an acceptable alternative to the conventional method for watersheds lacking relatively flat terrain. Given this limitation, the GIS method may prove advantageous over manual methods when study areas are large or numerous, runoff is modeled repetitively, alternative landcover scenarios are explored, or a digital database already exists for the study area. 相似文献
255.
256.
William F. Schillinger Ann C. Kennedy Douglas L. Young 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):345-358
The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest. 相似文献
257.
According to the practice researching and formulating “The Oil Spill Contingency Plan of south Chinese Sea”,this paper analyses and discusses the structure,functions and main contents of marine oil spill contingency planning,programs the organizing and commanding system and emergency response system,and advances the planning and researching method to coordinate comprehensively and to design practically the detailed emergency response steps until to formulate the ease operating programs for the plan implementation(PPI) and the PPI to apply high-techniques supporting emergency administrations and response. 相似文献
258.
基于火电企业在线监测数据、环境统计数据、排污许可及火电排放清单等,分析各统计口径下的海南火电大气污染物排放量差异,并基于在线监测数据分析海南省火电排放时间变化规律.分别设置现状、排污许可及超低排放3种情景,采用CALPUFF模型分析3种情景下火电厂对海南大气环境的影响.结果显示,不同统计口径下火电厂各污染物排放量差异较大,最大差值可达到5.65倍;在时间维度上,海南省火电行业污染物排放量月际分布较平稳,每月污染物排放量约占全年的7%~10%,24h变化呈现明显“两峰两谷”特征.在大气环境影响方面,火电企业大气SO2、NOx、PM2.5、PM10浓度分布总体呈现西部高东部低的趋势.现状情景下火电企业对各城市年均浓度影响范围为SO2 0.001~0.015μg/m3、NOx 0~0.01μg/m3、PM10 0.001~0.006μg/m3、PM2.5 0~0.003μg/m3,最高浓度基本出现在东方市、临高县.火电厂对大气环境的影响程度为许可情景>现状情景>超低情景,执行排污许可时火电厂排放PM10和NOx对各城市均值年均浓度较现状情景分别增加50%和38%;全面实施超低排放后,火电厂对大气环境影响有明显改善,SO2和PM2.5对各城市均值年均浓度较现状情景分别降低57%和69%. 相似文献
259.
Using structured systems analysis to design an integrated system for transport planning and environmental analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. P. LoseeA. L. Brown 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1996,8(2):129-144
Usingstructuredsystemsanalysistodesignanintegratedsystemfortransportplanningandenvironmentalanalysis¥S.P.Losee;A.L.Brown(Facu... 相似文献
260.
Maria I. Sandell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):255-262
In the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, optimal mating systems differ between males and females. Males gain from polygyny, whereas monogamy increases female fitness.
The cost of polygyny to females lead to intense female–female competition, and it has previously been shown that the intensity
of female aggression during the pre-breeding period can predict the realised mating system. The physiological regulation of
such female aggression in starlings is not yet known. This study examines the role of testosterone in mediating aggressive
behaviours involved in intra-specific reproductive competition in female starlings. Testosterone levels were experimentally
elevated with testosterone implants in females during the pre-laying period. To simulate a situation in which an additional
female tried to mate with the focal female’s mate, a caged female was presented close to a nest-site to which the male could
attract a secondary female. Testosterone was significantly related to several behaviours involved in female–female interactions.
Females with testosterone implants spent significantly more time close to the caged female and produced more song bouts than
control females. In contrast, male behaviour was unrelated to the experimental status of the mate. Females mated to males
that attracted a secondary female were less aggressive towards the caged female than those that remained monogamously mated.
The effect of exogenous testosterone in this study indicates that androgens may mediate social behaviours in female starlings
during the breeding season. 相似文献