不确定节点水量下水质监测点优化选址方法

针对供水管网水质监测点的优化选址问题,提出污染源位置识别准确度的概念,以水质监测点探测到的不同污染事件的时段区间冗余度最小化,和污染事件探测概率最大化为优化目标,结合一个案例管网,采用非支配排序遗传算法计算节点用水量变化条件下的监测点优化选址方案,算例结果显示节点用水量的不确定性不显著影响监测点的污染事件探测能力和可能性节点识别能力,但使监测点的污染源位置识别准确度降低.     

实验室信息管理系统在环境监测站中的应用——以西安市环境监测站为例

根据环境监测站以往的业务特点和存在的问题,引入了基于监测站特色的实验室信息管理系统。笔者重点介绍了西安环境监测站实验室信息管理系统的工作流程和系统组块,反映出系统灵活、严谨的运行特点,以及全面的系统应用功能。此外,描述了本站LIMS快速、高效的运行状况、常见弊端和LIMS实施的局限性。为今后同行业监测站LIMS的建设、实施和应用提供范本和应用经验和建议,促进了环境监测行业的信息化、现代化管理。     

Developing a chloramine decay index to understand nitrification: A case study of two chloraminated drinking water distribution systems

The management of chloramine decay and the prevention of nitrification are some of the critical issues faced by water utilities that use chloramine as a disinfectant.In this study,potential association between high performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC)data obtained with multiple wavelength Ultraviolet(UV) detection from two drinking water distribution systems in Australia and nitrification occurrence was investigated.An increase in the absorbance signal of HPSEC profiles with UV detection at λ = 230 nm between apparent molecular weights of 200 to 1000 Da was observed at sampling sites that experienced rapid chloramine decay and nitrification while its absorbance signal at λ =254 nm decreased.A chloramine decay index(C.D.I) defined as the ratio of area beneath the HPSEC spectra at two different wavelengths of 230 and 254 nm,was used in assessing chloramine decay occurrences.The C.D.Is of waters at locations that experienced nitrification were consistently higher than locations not experiencing nitrification.A simulated laboratory study showed that the formation of nitrite/nitrate and/or soluble microbial products and/or the release of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) during nitrification may contribute to the C.D.I.increase.These findings suggest that C.D.I derived from HPSEC with multiple wavelength UV detection could be an informative index to track the occurrence of rapid chloramine decay and nitrification.     

Multiple impact pathways of the 2015–2016 El Niño in coastal Kenya

The 2015–2016 El Niño had large impacts globally. The effects were not as great as anticipated in Kenya, however, leading some commentators to call it a ‘non-event’. Our study uses a novel combination of participatory Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis tools, and new and existing social and biophysical data, to analyse vulnerability to, and the multidimensional impacts of, the 2015–2016 El Niño episode in southern coastal Kenya. Using a social-ecological systems lens and a unique dataset, our study reveals impacts overlooked by conventional analysis. We show how El Niño stressors interact with and amplify existing vulnerabilities to differentially impact local ecosystems and people. The policy significance of this finding is that the development of specific national capacities to deal with El Niño events is insufficient; it will be necessary to also address local vulnerabilities to everyday and recurrent stressors and shocks to build resilience to the effects of El Niño and other extremes in climate and weather.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01321-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan: April to May of 2020

Wastewater-based epidemiology(WBE) has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool in monitoring fecal-oral pathogen infections within a community. Congruently, SARS-Co V-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has been demonstrated to infect the gastrointestinal tissues, and be shed in feces. In the present study, SARS-Co V-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater, sludge, surface water, ground water, sediment, and soil samples of municipal and hospital wastewater systems and related envi...     

温度对电自养氧还原生物阴极电化学性能的影响

生物阴极的应用能够显著降低微生物电化学系统的成本并增强运行的稳定性,其中,环境温度是限制其性能提升的关键因素.因此,本研究通过对比温度对生物阴极和非生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFCs）电化学性能的影响,证实了生物阴极对提升MFCs产电性能的重要作用.结果发现,生物阴极MFCs在35℃条件下的最大电压为0.70 V,是非生物阴极的1.3倍.原位三电极循环伏安特性测试显示生物阳极和生物阴极的最佳温度有所不同,并且温度对生物阳极的影响大于对生物阴极的影响.本研究表明了生物阴极对MFCs电化学性能提升的重要性,并且优化了电自养氧还原生物阴极的最佳运行温度,为推动其实际应用提供了温度设置的参考.     

Dynamics of dust explosions suppression by means of extinguishing powder in various industrial conditions

In industrial conditions, there are different kinds of installations endangered by an explosion of dust–gas mixtures. In order to prevent them from any consequences of potential explosions, active protection systems which use extinguishing powders, as the suppressing material, are more and more widely applied. It often happens that the industrial installations are additionally endangered by an action of mechanical vibrations. In the above-mentioned conditions, the extinguishing powder tends to aggregate, making the process of dispersing it in the protected areas more difficult.

The results of research into optimization of the shape, number of igniters and miniaturization of the explosive charge mass are presented. In case of occurrence of the mechanical vibrations in the installations that cause aggregation of the suppressing powder, the best solution was modification of the perforated combustion chamber located inside the extinguisher. As a result of that, a certain amount of gases generated in the course of combustion of the main charge is directed over the membrane, where the gases crash a layer of aggregated powder. Thus, the process of pushing the powder out from a container towards the dispersing head improves considerably and consequently increases the efficiency of the explosion-suppressing process.     

CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES: INDICATORS OF BASINS AT RISR1

ABSTRACT: In this paper we seek to identify historical indicators of international freshwater conflict and cooperation and to create a framework to identify and evaluate international river basins at potential risk for future conflict. We derived biophysical, socioeco‐nomic, and geopolitical variables at multiple spatial and temporal scales from GIS datasets of international basins and associated countries, and we tested these variables against a database of historical incidents of international water related cooperation and conflict from 1948 to 1999. International relations over freshwater resources were overwhelmingly cooperative and covered a wide range of issues, including water quantity, water quality, joint management, and hydropower. Conflictive relations tended to center on quantity and infrastructure. No single indicator—including climate, water stress, government type, and dependence on water for agriculture or energy—explained conflict/cooperation over water. Even indicators showing a significant correlation with water conflict, such as high population density, low per capita GDP, and overall unfriendly international relations, explained only a small percentage of data variability. The most promising sets of indicators for water conflict were those associated with rapid or extreme physical or institutional change within a basin (e.g., large dams or internationalization of a basin) and the key role of institutional mechanisms, such as freshwater treaties, in mitigating such conflict.     

三种生产理论在北方荒漠化地区人地系统分析中的应用

本文运用可持续发展的“三种生产”理论，对我国北方荒漠化地区的人地系统进行了解析，指出人口生产的膨胀、物质生产的低效率和环境生产的萎缩，以及由此造成的三种生产系统之间支撑与制约机制的破坏，是导致我国北方荒漠化不断扩展的根本原因。